Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology, D: Neural & Artificial Intelligence, Volume 23 Issue 2

algorithm x can derive α from KB, we write ⊢ , which is pronounced “ α is derived from KB by x” or “x derives α from KB”, where α is just one possibility among the set of all consequences of KB. An inference algorithm is called sound or truth- preserving if it derives only entailed sentences. An unsound inference procedure essentially announces the discovery of nonexistent or false conclusions. An inference algorithm is called complete if it can derive any sentence that is entailed. vi. Grounding The connection between logical reasoning processes and the real environment of an agent is called grounding . Since KB is just a set of sentences inside the agent’s mind , how do we know that KB is true in the real world? The agent program achieves grounding by creating a suitable sentence whenever a perceptible event occurs. Then, whenever that sentence is in the knowledge base, it is true in the real world. c) Knowledge engineering with First-Order-Logic Knowledge engineering is the process of knowledge base construction. It includes the following steps [1]: a. Identifying the task b. Assembling the relevant knowledge c. Deciding on a vocabulary of predicates, functions and constants d. Encoding general knowledge about the domain e. Encoding a description of the specific problem instance f. Posing queries to the inference procedure and getting answers Let us directly illustrate with the example of Tontolo Malagasy. Tontolo Malagasy is expected to inform us about Malagasy culture (including historical facts and events, language, personalities, places). For simplicity in this example, we will observe a restricted world, namely the world of the former presidents of Madagascar. We will further narrow down to the observation of a single President, Zafy Albert, a deceased President (to avoid any political controversy). We know furthermore that the legal duration of a presidential term is 5 years and that a President must be at least 18 years old. A President may nominate successively different Prime Ministers (PM) during his presidential term. Choice of the vocabulary to use for predicates, functions and constants • The following predicates will be used: Person, President, Prime minister (PM). • The following functions 1 will be used: BirthDate, DeathDate • The following relations will be used: TermPeriod, Tenure • The following constants will be used: Zafy Albert, Francisque Ravony, Emmanuel Rakotovahiny, 1993, 1995, 1996. Encoding general knowledge about the domain in the language of First-Order-Logic 1) ( ) ⟹ ( ) ⋀ ( 2 − 1) ≤ 5 ( , 1, 2) 1 ≥ + 18 ℎ ( , ) Meaning: A president is a person, who is older than 18 and whose tenure is delimited betweenyear1 and year 2. 2) ( , ) ⟹ ( ) ( ) ( 1 ≥ 1 ) ( , , 1 , 2 ) ( , 1 , 2 ) ( 2 ≤ 2 ) Meaning: A prime minister is a person who is associated with a president and whose term of office is necessarily within the term of the president in question 3) ( ) ⟹ ℎ ( , 1) 4) ( ) ⟹ ℎ ( , 2) Encoding of the Specific Problem Instance Description 1) ( ) 2) ℎ ( , 1927/05/01) 3) ℎ ( , 2017/10/13) 4) ( , ) 5) ( ℎ , ) 6) ( , ) ( ℎ , ) ≠ ℎ ∀ ( , ) ⟹ ( = ∨ = ℎ ) Meaning: Zafy Albert had no prime ministers other than F. Ravony and E. Rakotovahiny 7) ( , 1993, 1995) 8) ( ℎ , 1995, 1996) All this information (general or specific) encoded in the KB and to which others will be added via the agent'spercepts will remain simple sentences as long as no request comes to give them life. These are the queries that will trigger the inference procedure, which will use them as part of a sequence of entailments. The goal of inference is to find out whether KB α for some sentence α . Compared to conventional databases, the reward with a knowledge base is that we can let the inference procedure operate on the axioms Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology Volume XXIII Issue II Version I 3 ( )D Year 2023 © 2023 Global Journals Guideline for Including Unperceivable Knowledge in a Universal Ontology Experimentation Field: Ontology Malagasy Suppose the agent gets from any source the information that he was born on May 1 in 1927 , that he diedon October 13 in 2017 and that he had two prime ministers during his office: Francisque Ravony (term of office 1993 to 1995) and Emmanuel Rakotovahiny (term of office 1995 to 1996) .