Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology, D: Neural & Artificial Intelligence, Volume 23 Issue 2

II. P erceptions of I ntellectuals and I nstitutions 1. “AI needs to be created to help people. AI needs to be open, optimize efficiency without undermining human dignity, be designed for intelligent privacy, have algorithmic accountability so humans can repair unintended harm, defend against bias, and be transparent. Human empathy and education are also crucial. Human ingenuity will always be needed, and a person must ultimately bear responsibility for the results of a computer- generated diagnostic or judgment.” ~ Satya Nadella, CEO Microsoft. 2. “Artificial intelligence needs to be regulated. It is too important not to. The only question is how to approach it.” ~ Sundar Pichai, CEO Google 3. "Artificial intelligence is the future not only of Russia but of all of mankind," ~Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, President of Russia 4. "Artificial Intelligence is a tribute to human intellectual power," ~ Narendra Modi, Prime Minister, India 5. “We need international and national policies and regulatory frameworks to ensure these emerging technologies benefit humanity. We need a human- centered AI. AI must be for the greater interest of the people, not the other way around.”~ UNESCO. 6. “Who ought to Stop Unethical A. I.? At artificial- intelligence conferences, experimenters are more and more hysterical by what they see.”~ Matthew Hutson, Eminent Author, New York, USA. 7. “AI bias is the underpinning prejudice in data that produces AI algorithms, which can eventually affect demarcation and other social consequences.” ~ Terence Shin, Data Scientist, KOHO Data and Marketing Advisor. 8. “AI creates bottomless severance.” ~www. weforum.org. 9. “The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race. It would take off on its own, and re-design itself at an ever-increasing rate. Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, could not compete, and would be superseded.” 10. ~ Stephen Hawking, English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author, Director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, University of Cambridge. 11. “The pace of progress in artificial intelligence (I am not referring to narrow AI) is incredibly fast. Unless you have direct exposure to groups like Deepmind, you have no idea how fast- it is growing at a pace close to exponential. The risk of something seriously dangerous happening is in the five-year time frame. 10 years at most.” ~ Elon Musk, CEO Tesla Motors. 12. “We must address, individually and collectively, moral and ethical issues raised by cutting-edge research in artificial intelligence and biotechnology, which will enable significant life extension, designer babies, and memory extraction.” ~ Klaus Schwab, Chairperson of World Economic Forum. 13. “Artificial intelligence is growing up fast, as are robots whose facial expressions can elicit empathy and make your mirror neurons quiver.” ~ Diane Ackerman, American poet, essayist, and naturalist. III. R eview of L iterature a) History of Artificial Intelligenc e 5 Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952). • The year 1943: Warren McCulloch and Walter Pits produced the first work today known as AI in 1943. They put forth a model of synthetic neurons. • Year 1949: Donald Hebb presented a rule for updating the strength of the connections between neurons, and Hebbian learning is the modern name for his rule. • The year 1950: English mathematician Alan Turing invented machine learning in that year. In his book "Computing Machines and Intelligence," Alan Turing outlined a test. A Turing test can be used to determine whether a machine can behave intelligently on par with a human. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956). • Year 1955: Herbert A. Simon and Allen Newell developed "Logic Theorist," the first artificial intelligence program. In addition to finding new and better proofs for some theorems, this program has proven 38 of 52 mathematical theorems. • 1956: During the Dartmouth Conference, American computer scientist John McCarthy coined "artificial intelligence." AI was originally recognized as a legitimate academic discipline. High-level programming languages like FORTRAN, LISP, and COBOL were created during that period. And at that time, interest in AI was at an all-time high. The Golden Years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974). • Year 1966: The researchers strongly emphasized creating algorithms that can resolve mathematical issues. In 1966, Joseph Weizenbaum invented the first chatbot, ELIZA. • 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan, WABOT-1. The first AI winter (1974-1980). The first AI winter period ran from the years 1974 through 1980. The term "AI winter" describes a 5 Osondu Oguike, “A First Course in Artificial Intelligence”, 2021 © 2023 Global Journals Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology Volume XXIII Issue II Version I 10 ( ) Year 2023 D Journey of Artificial Intelligence Frontier: A Comprehensive Overview