Global Journal of Human-Social Science, A: Arts and Humanities, Volume 21 Issue 12

concretely, and to work on theorization, but within a framework of action that allows it to project itself in its experiences, methods, and systems. Eulalia Morral (1987: 133-135), for her part, summarizes the different opinions on museums and development. She considers that nobody doubts that museums have evolved in fact they have been under strong pressure to transform themselves. This situation divides authors so that while some protect themselves behind the official definition and close themselves to other options, others open their doors so that they can renew themselves and adapt to new realities. We Europeans are used to seeing the museum as an element of our history. However, this makes us forget its colonizing role that, more or less explicitly, it has played in the social framework. Outside of Europe, the museum has been considered as an imposition and as a symbol of the interference suffered due to the intrusion of a foreign culture. But when these countries regained their freedom, they did not close the museums because they continued to be useful to the new dominant minority, in the process of westernization that seemed irreversible. For this reason, Morral insists, the museum is not an innocent creation but is under pressure from different bodies, which it must face up to and respond with answers arising from the new concept of heritage. Rosario Carrillo (1988: 105ff.) deals with museology and its use in and by developing countries. She commented that, as early as 1982, on the occasion of the International Seminar for the Financing of Culture, a study was presented on "Museums, an investment for development". It proposed that there was a correlation between a country’s level of development and its museum development. This is shown by the relationship between the number of inhabitants and the number of museums, or the value given to cultural heritage, which shows that, while in industrialized countries there are on average 983 museums per country, in African countries there are only eight museums. For the author, the application of museology of practical problems is a part of basic museology. But this application today naturally responds to the need to apply resources - the specific field of scientific knowledge - within a global context. Within the context of the work of the Sociedad de Sistemas Generales de Madrid carried out in 1983, Carrillo ( Ibid . 110) proposes a development option which she calls "Museological notes for integrated experimental development." This makes use of a "Museological Unit" conceived as "an elementary practical-functional cell at the service of specific plans for local - zonal - integrated development." This cell comprises a minimum of human and material elements that can be adjusted to the zonal development team in which museological study and the subsequent modeling of a global plan of action cannot be absent. It is designed to act in an inter-and meta-disciplinary manner, benefiting from the technology applied to global development, and is integrated into management bodies. It can drive development and lead to the creation of a community museum. It is an evolutionary process. It is based on local identity. This process makes an internal and external valuation of its functioning, gives importance to group participation, as it must be open to reflection and criticism. It is distinguished by its capacity for mobility and adaptation to the environment. In this way, museology can be applied to solve practical problems, one of the fundamental aspects of scientific museology. The last participation of some of the Spanish museologists in ICOFOM was related to the theme of “Forecasting-A Museological Tool? Museology and Futurology”. Among the key papers, Stránský (1989: 297) presented his idea of the importance of science without forgetting that science has its limits, which means that the future of museums cannot be approached from the point of view of science or futurology alone. He believes that only with the help of gnoseological and methodological contributions to science can we discover the future of museums, not only to know what we should do but also to understand what museums’ evolution and trends will be. But it is not enough to rely on daily practice; we need the counterweight of planning and knowledge. One of the tasks entrusted to museology is to explain the evolution and current state of museums’ approaches to reality and to foresee their further development. The ability to integrate the past, the present, and the future are therefore very important from a methodological point of view to answer the questions about the future of museums. On the other hand, the nature of the museum phenomenon is reflected in museum practice, which is manifested in museums’ presentation, i.e., their artistic dimension. This helps us to understand reality in its entirety and to integrate scientific knowledge. Domèneq Miquel (1989: 179 ff.) reflects on how museology and museums can contribute to change. In his presentation, he highlighted how, as early as 1987, van Mensch proposed a twofold way of reflection. On the one hand, the analysis of the basic characteristics of museum development and, on the other hand, the realization that, in the face of this development, there are different theoretical positions that can provide different answers. Today, no one doubts that museums are institutions in continuous development. Museums at the beginning of the century were very different from those of today, both conceptually and physically. Society is also increasingly diverse. For this reason, it is necessary to overcome Western ethnocentrism and stop considering museums as belonging to one culture, which is supposed to be the only valid one. Indeed, there are other cultures that have different visions and solutions to the conservation and use of heritage unrelated to museology, which is better adapted to their needs. Nevertheless, we still tend to think that the Volume XXI Issue XII Version I 28 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2021 A © 2021 Global Journals Zbyněk Zbyslav Stránský’s Museological Impact on Spain