Global Journal of Human-Social Science, A: Arts and Humanities, Volume 23 Issue 5

enable us to excavate narrative possibilities from all that has been silenced, granting them a voice that is long due. R eferences R éférences R eferencias 1. Mark Honigsbaum, Living with Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918 (London: Macmillan, 2009), xiii, 5 (infection statistics). 2. Cathy Caruth, ed., Trauma: Explorations in Memory (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); and Ruth Leys, Trauma: A Genealogy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000). 3. Judith Herman, Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence-From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 2. 4. Priscilla Wald, Contagious: Cultures, Carriers, and the Outbreak Narrative (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008); Rita Charon, Narrative Medicine: Honoring the Stories of Illness (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). 5. Charon, Narrative Medicine, 4, 17, 20. 6. Crosby, America’s Forgotten Pandemic, 28; Honigsbaum, Living with Enza, 49. 7. “The Spanish Influenza: A Sufferer’s Symptoms,” Times (London), June 25, 1918, 9. 8. Doctor’s letter reprinted in Dr. Norman Roy Grist, “Pandemic Influenza 1918,” British Medical Journal (December 22– 29, 1979): 1632– 33. Letter dated September 29, 1918, from Camp Devens, Massachusetts; letter found in a trunk in 1959 and given to Grist. 18. 9. Barry, The Great Influenza, 182– 83. 19. 10. Honigsbaum, Living with Enza, 19– 20. 20. 11. Grist, “Pandemic Influenza 1918,” 1632–33. 21. 12. Barry, The Great Influenza, 4– 5 (for plague in 1300s), 397. 13. Bristow, American Pandemic, 50, 60; Barry, The Great Influenza, 391. 14. George Newman, “Chief Medical Officer’s Introduction,” in Ministry of Health, “Report on the Pandemic of Influenza, 1918– 1919,” Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects, no. 4 (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1920), iv. 15. Descriptions of symptoms have been drawn from survivor letters, medical literature, and flu histories. For the symptoms noted here, see RC, letters from Horace Allen, Betty Boath (now Barr), and A. Forbes, all UK; Newman, “Report on the Pandemic,” vii– ix; Barry, The Great Influenza, 2, 224, 232– 41; Honigsbaum, Living with Enza, xii– xiii, 4, 15– 16, 25, 50, 53; Crosby, America’s Forgotten Pandemic, 5– 9. 27. 16. RC, Gilberte Boulanger, France. 17. RC, Ellen Monahan, UK; Luigia Ceccarelli, now Candoli, Italy. 18. Interview with Priscilla Reyna Jojola, Taos Peublo, New Mexico. We Heard the Bells: The Influenza of 1918, dir. Lisa Laden (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010), https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=XbEefT_M6xY. 19. RC, Sydney Thomas Durrance, UK. 20. RC, Ellen Garrett (now Kendall), UK. 57. 21. RC, Francis King, UK. The Collier letters frequently mention the lack of coffins and the piles of bodies, and newspaper accounts constantly note the shutting down of services. Narratives in the PIS tell of coffins stacked at train stations and the frequent sight of the hearse bringing bodies to the graveyards. 22. rl A. Menninger, “Psychoses Associated with Influenza,” Journal of the American Medical Association 72, no. 4 (January 25, 1919): 235– 41. Researchers still debate the mental- health effects of the pandemic; for a summary, see Narayana Manjunatha et al., “The Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Influenza/Swine Flu: A Selective Review,” Industrial Psychiatry Journal (July– December 2011): 83– 90. Barry discusses the anecdotal evidence in The Great Influenza, 378– 81; I examine the influenza/ mental-instability link in chapter 4. 30. 23. For suicide study, see I. M. Wasserman, “The Impact of Epidemic, War, Prohibition and Media on Suicide: United States, 1910– 1920,” Suicidal & Life- Threatening Behavior 22, no. 2 (Summer 1992): 240– 54. 24. I examine contagion guilt in chapters 2 and 3 and the particular guilt of doctors in chapter 7. 25. Dorothy Ann Pettit and Janice Bailie, A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918– 1920 (Murfreesboro, TN: Timberlane, 2008), 228. 26. Bristow, American Pandemic, 50. 27. Red Cross General Manager to division managers, March 1, 1919; qtd. in Barry, The Great Influenza, 392. 28. Crosby, America’s Forgotten Pandemic; Bristow, American Pandemic; Johnson, Britain and the 1918– 1919 Influenza Pandemic; Honigsbaum, Living with Enza; Barry, The Great Influenza; Laura Spinney, Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How It Changed the World (London: Jonathan Cape, 2017). 29. Letter from Cather to Frances Smith Cather, November 11, 1918, in The Selected Letters of Willa Cather, ed. Andrew Jewell and Janis Stout (New York: Knopf, 2013), 260– 61. 30. See Dr. Frederick C. Sweeney, Diary of Dr. Frederick C. Sweeney, Captain in the United States Army Medical Corps, 1918– 1919, typewritten copy presented to the University of California- Davis Library, prepared by Margaret C. Bean, October 1990. Original diary held at the Jaffrey- Gilmore Foundation in Jaffrey, NH. © 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue V Version I 68 Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 ( ) A The Submerged Scope of the Spanish Flu: Negotiating Representational Challenges in Willa Cather's One of Ours