Global Journal of Human-Social Science, B: Geography, Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Volume 22 Issue 3

roots and/or reduce the concentration of the element taking advantage of the leaf fall. - On the other hand, accumulation strategies that allow the plant to store toxic elements in different plant tissues (Baker & Walter, 1990; Verkleij & Schat, 1990). Positive relationships have been identified between the deposition of heavy metals in the soil and concentrations of the same in plants (Ugulu et al . 2012). Different plant species are able to absorb and accumulate significant amounts of potentially toxic substances (Piczak et al . 2003). Thus, trees and shrubs play a significant role in removing heavy metals and other soil contaminants (McDonald et al. 2007, Dzier ż anowski et al. 2011,). As well, different plant organisms are often used to measure environmental quality and possible environmental impacts (Piczak et al. 2003, Nowak et al. 2006). In relation to the increase in chemical contaminants in soils, three types of plants have been differentiated: - Accumulative Plants: those where the element (metal) is concentrated in the stem and leaves. Within this group, those that have the ability to grow in environments with high concentrations of toxic elements and, in addition, accumulate a large concentration of them in their tissues stand out. These plants are called hyperaccumulators. - Indicator Plants: those where the absorption and transport of the chemical element are regulated in the way in which the concentrations in the plant are reflected in the aerial part of it (leaves, buds or fruits). - Exclusionary Plants: in which the concentration of the element in the stem and leaves is constant, it happens as long as the concentration of the metal in the soil does not exceed the tolerance limits by the plant. In this context, knowledge and use of plant species tolerant to anthropogenic environments are essential for the design of remedial measures to reduce soil pollution (Dzier ż anowski et al. 2011). Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle is one of the most widespread invasive alien species on a global scale. Its natural range is the geographical regions of Eastern China and Northern Vietnam. From these nuclei of origin, it has been progressively colonizing various spaces (natural and anthropized) of the rest of the continents (Köwarik & Säumel 2007). In the regions of origin, Ailanthus altissima is considered as a colonizing species of habitats or spaces altered by anthropic actions, where ruderal vegetation or species associated with stages of substitution of natural formations prevail. In addition, it has been introduced ornamentally in green spaces of cities (Hu, 1979; Liu et al. 2015; Huang et al. 2015; Knüsel et al. 2019). In relation to its area of distribution, Ailanthus altissima has colonized numerous and diverse territories between 35º and 60º latitude in the Northern Hemisphere and between 30º and 60º latitude in the South (Meusel & Jäger, 1992; Köwarik & Säumel, 2007; Gassó et al. 2012). Its high adapting plasticity allows its growth in both anthropized and natural places. However, its secondary area of distribution is subject to spaces with some degree of disturbance; either anthropic (pollution, deterioration of urban and rural space, constructions, etc.), or natural disturbances that lead to the loss of tree cover (fires, thinning, phytosanitary diseases, among others) (Köwarik & Säumel, 2007). In Europe, ailanto presents a wide dispersion in green areas, margins of communication routes, playhground or private gardens of the urban centers. This distribution is highly correlated with its introduction for ornamental purposes (Köwarik & Böcker, 1984; Kowarik & Säumel, 2007; Petrović et al. 2011; Maslo, 2016; Corral, 2021) In the Community of Madrid (Spain) broadly speaking, the expansion of ailanto is radial and linear, following a distribution correlated with the main communication routes (Enríquez, 2020). Corral's research (2021) analyzes in different regions of the Community of Madrid the dispersion of Ailanthus altissima , corroborating the potential distribution in communication routes, but expanding to a detailed scale new colonized habitats highlighting significantly deteriorated environments such as dumps, landfills, abandoned plots or slopes, among others. Table 1: Research determining A. altissima as a bioaccumulator and bioaccumulated compounds Author/s and year Element bioaccumulated by Ailanthus altissima Porter (1968) Fe, Cu, Zn, Ti, K, Cl Hu et al. (2014) Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, Filippou et al,. (2014) SnO Ranieri & Gikas (2014). Cr Lin et al. (2017) suspended particles (PM1, PM2,5, PM10) Ashraf et al. (2017) Cr Abbaslou & Bakhtiari (2017) Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb Nabi et al. (2019) NO, SnO Roy et al. (2020) Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn Corral (2022) Ni, Cu, MgO, Sr, B, CaO, Sn In addition to the ability to bioaccumulate these substances, Ailanthus altissima returns to the soil the toxic components it absorbs, serving as a favorable strategy for their proliferation. With all the above, it is evident that the existence or degree of concentration of certain chemical Volume XXII Issue III Version I 2 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2022 © 2022 Global Journals B Ailanthus Altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Bioacumulated Specie of Contaminated Soils