Global Journal of Human-Social Science, B: Geography, Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Volume 22 Issue 3

advancements aimed at ensuring the safety of navigation in order to minimize the likelihood of oil leakage (Bucelli et al., 2018), the possibility and severity of oil spills on land and water body cannot be completely ruled out, as evidenced by several recent severe accidents (Bonvicini et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2022). To mitigate these consequences, preparedness and response to any oil spill are always necessary and important for sensitive resources, including observation, detection, mitigation, response, and remediation of oil pollution (Li et al., 2016; Hung et al., 2018). Despite the devastating effects of oil spills on the ecosystems, social and economic life, and worldwide policies encouraging scientific research on the subject, the peer reviewed literature on oil spill response systems is expected to widen in the future years (Neves et al., 2015; Murphy et al., 2016). Although many studies and equipment exist that support oil spill response planning, because of this issue there remains a need for a comprehensive uderstanding and review of oil spills and their consequences. Figure 1: Leaking Pipeline Oil spills change the dynamic of the ecosystems and therefore emphasize the importance of rapid response technology capable of mitigating potential damage (Prendergast & Gschwend, 2014; Chen et al., 2020). To mitigate the negative consequences of an oil spill, it is also vital to manage spilled oil in an orderly and timely manner (Mohammadiun et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2021). This requires the development of both short and long-term contingency strategies (Chang et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2022). A range of response methods are included in the oil spill control strategy/contingency, with the purpose of limiting possible damage to human health and the environment by maintaining a timely and coordinated response (Li et al., 2016). Effective monitoring techniques can help with spill cleanup by detecting slicks early and specifying oil characteristics, estimating spill volume, and predicting oil movement (Robbe & Hengstermann, 2006). III. M ethodology Removal of spilled oil on land, inland water and the coast could be achieved with combination of options with the use of selected response equipment and manually, which requires the involvement of a large labour force over an extended period. Although its chemical composition changes over time, residual oil remnants still contain various toxic chemicals, which must be dealt with caution for the sake of the health of the clean-up workers. a) On Land Spills Cleanup These operations involve the containment, recovery, evacuation and remediation of the impacted soil to resuscitate the impacted soil. Spilled oil on land prevents water absorption by the soil, spills on agricultural locations or grasslands have the effect of choking off plant life. There is also high probability of soil infiltration of the oil with the attendant risks of ground water contamination or entering waterways as run-off. Lined Berms and trenches are some of the best ways to contain the spill on the land, as long as their use does not allow the oil to leach into the soil. Where there is no danger to the water table, the contaminated area can be flooded, which “floats” the oil or moves it to the water’s surface, as it is typically lighter than water. This technique allows for recovery via mechanical means such as vacuums and skimmers. Other possible techniques include mechanical removal of contaminated soil, in-situ burning, sorbents, and bioremediation. Volume XXII Issue III Version I 28 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2022 © 2022 Global Journals B Oil Spills Cleanup Operations on Land and Inland Waters – The Mangroves Cleanup Philosophy