Global Journal of Human-Social Science, B: Geography, Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Volume 22 Issue 3

COP21 Paris 2015 are becoming almost impossible to achieve [4]. In 1990, CO2 levels in the atmosphere were 354.4 ppm, but by 2018 this level had risen to 408.5 ppm. This means, the CO2 emissions levels from fossil fuels reached a record high of 37.1 gigatones. To reach the Paris target of 2 ° C, global carbon emissions will need to be reduced by 50% by 2030 and to zero by 2050. Over time, to meet the set targets at the macro level, the state could use public instruments and resources such as taxes, the pricing system, develop the modal shift by favoring soft modes, the establishment of standards relating to pollution and noise, encouraging the uptake of eco-labels and to promote sustainable forest management [5]. III. R esearch M ethodology The specificity of our work lies in the choice of developing countries and developed countries as the field of investigation, 25 countries were selected to analyze the impact of urbanization variables, population and the transport system on emissions of CO2 from transport over a 49-year period (1970 to 2018). The choice of countries depends on the availability and reliability of quality data. We have selected European countries and territories such as; Belgium: BEL, Switzerland: CHE, Germany: DEU, France: FRA, Turkey: TUR. African countries; Angola: AGO, Cote d'Ivoire: CIV, Cameroon: CMR, Algeria: DZA, Morocco: MAR, Tunisia: TUN. America countries; Argentina: ARG, Bolivia: BOL, Brazil: BRA, Canada: CAN, Chile: CHL, Cuba: CUB, United States: USA. Asian countries; United Arab Emirates: ARE, India: IND, Japan: JPN, Malaysia: MYS, Saudi Arabia: SAU, China: CHN. And finally Australia: AUS. Three variables are needed to assess the CO2 emissions from transport. First, the population is a key factor in determining the assessment of CO2 from transportation. Cities concentrate economic activity, and energy consumption for housing, transport, infrastructure. More than half of the world population lives in cities, the metropolises contribute more CO2 emissions at the planetary level. Urbanization and population continues at an accelerated pace, particularly in developing countries, but also with the expansion of urbanized territories. Two indicators were used to measure the evolution of urbanization and population, such as population density and urban population growth. Subsequently, we proposed that the urban planning reorganization and the town planning structure could reduce the percentage of CO2 emissions. We have proposed that the possible contributions of the green areas can combat CO2 emissions. In our case, two indicators were used to measure the contribution of agriculture and forestry such as forest area and agricultural land. Finally, the use of private transport is a direct source for a growing share of CO2 emissions produced by the combustion of energy. On the other hand, an efficiently designed and implemented a public transport system offers a practical mode of travel that reduces the need for private vehicles, and thus reduces CO2 emissions per passenger-km traveled. Two indicators were used to measure the evolution of the transport system such as the number of travelers by road and the number of travelers by railway transport services. Table 1 shows all the variables and indicators used in our context. Table 1: The Variables used in the Panel model Indicator (unit) Explication Source CO2 emissions from transport (% of total fuel combustion) CO2 emissions from transport contains emissions from the combustion of fuel for all transport activity, regardless of the sector , except for international marine bunkers an d international aviation [6] . https://donnees.banquemondiale.org/indicator/ EN.CO2.TRAN.ZS Population density (people per sq. km of land area) Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population i s based on the de facto definition of population , which counts all residents regardless of legal status [6] . https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DN ST Agricultural land (% of land area) Agricultural land refers to the share of land are a that is arable, under permanent crops, an d under permanent pastures [6] . https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.AG RI.ZS Forest area (% of land area) Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural [6] . https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FR ST. ZS Volume XXII Issue III Version I 46 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2022 © 2022 Global Journals B Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Emission from Transportation Sector using Panel Data Method