Global Journal of Human-Social Science, B: Geography, Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Volume 22 Issue 3

and lead to increased pollution, decreased food and available resources and the frequency of extreme climate events. We also noticed that the agricultural land and forest area variables had a negative and significant impact. For this reason, we have shown that planting green areas and trees can reduce CO2 emissions from transport by 1%. Tree planting projects, less expensive and easy to implement, have become very common to the point that all actors (companies, associations, local authorities, institutions, etc.) can reduce polluting activities and waste emissions from the transportation sector. The forests and wooded areas in cities (rows of trees, isolated trees, urban forests, etc.) are urban ecosystems providing various ecosystem services. Urban trees can help mitigate negative effects and social consequences of urbanization, and therefore make cities more resilient to these changes. In this sense, they constitute multifunctional spaces and can also be considered as natural actions to fight against environmental risks and adapt to climate change. In addition, these ecosystems can provide other services such as the contribution of biodiversity (animal and plant), the improvement of the living environment, the offer of recreational activities and the structuring of the landscape. Finally, we have shown that the use of private vehicles in an exhaustive way can increase CO2 emissions to 3% and the use of public transport such as the train for example can reduce CO2 emissions by up to 0.14%. This implies that the two main environmental nuisances of the automobile are air pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases. In addition to air pollution, there is noise pollution, which would also have a significant impact on health [7]. An efficiently designed and implemented public transport system offers a practical mode of travel that reduces the need for private vehicles, thus reduces CO2 emissions, and the emissions produced per passenger-km traveled. Therefore, public transport promotes urban densification and also serves to reduce the distances should be traveled. Table 2: The result of panel data Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error z-value Pr(>|z|) (Intercept) 2.9881e+01 4.8012e+00 +6.2237 4.856e-10 *** Population density 8.9329e-02 1.2889e-02 +6.9306 4.190e-12 *** Population growth 1.2953e+00 3.6041e-01 +3.5940 0.0003256 *** Agricultural land -6.2576e-01 6.6513e-02 -9.4081 < 2.2e-16 *** Forest area -3.3879e-01 1.2460e-01 -2.7191 Railways passengers -1.4761e-01 6.0694e-06 -2.4321 0.0150113 * Road passengers 3.2020e+00 3.2912e-07 +0.9729 0.0330594* Signif. Codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 VI. T he P erformance of the P anel M odel The panel method makes it possible to take into account any unobservable factors specific to each pair of countries (so-called individual or specific effects). The Hausman test is used to test whether or not there is a correlation between the specific effects and the explanatory variables of the model. This makes it possible to choose between the fixed effects model and the random effects model [8]. The result of the Husman test showed that the test is significant (p-value 5%), for this reason, we retained the estimators of the fixed- effects model which is presented in table 2, thus envisaging the errors are not correlated with the regression coefficient. This statistic is asymptotically distributed according to a chi-square equal to 2289.8 with 6 degrees of freedom, it is the number of variable introduced in the model. VII. R ecommendations a) Ecological driving and Fuel tax The most promising CO2 emission reduction measures in the transport sector are those aimed at promoting fuel-efficient driving through training and by encouraging the installation of on-board driving assessment systems. This is based on those characteristics that encourage motorists to choose vehicles with lower emissions in countries with very strict emission standards. Therefore, the fuel tax, the standards applicable to vehicles and their components, the modulation of taxes on vehicles and ecological driving are measures used to encourage environment and energy development and aimed at reducing consumption that offer the best prospects for reducing CO2 emissions in the short and medium term. The integration of transport policy and land use planning could, in the long term contain the demand for mobility and the proportion of private vehicles. Ultimately, it will be necessary to resort to much more expensive energy © 2022 Global Journals Volume XXII Issue III Version I 49 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2022 B Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Emission from Transportation Sector using Panel Data Method 0.0065459 **