Global Journal of Human Social Science, C: Sociology and Culture, Volume 21 Issue 5

changed. There has been a state where all the resources of the country are unconditionally invested in the war, and all the citizens are involved in the war. This kind of war is generally called a total war. The original sign was the First World War. With the development of science and technology, new weapons such as tanks, planes, and machine guns appeared at that time, and a large amount of destruction and looting were achieved by them. Simultaneously, rapid and mass transportation vehicles such as railways and automobiles have also appeared, promoting the development of logistics and realizing a large amount of supply. In addition, the defense equipment such as bunkers has also improved. As a result, the war began to show a protracted war situation. Under the above circumstances, all citizens have been mobilized. Sometimes they were sent to the battlefield as soldiers, and sometimes they were used as supply personnel to support the war. The targets of attacks have also expanded to ordinary citizens and entire cities including ordinary residences. In short, war has become a major event in which all the resources of the country are invested. It is related to the survival and death of all citizens. The resources invested here are not only military, political, economic, technological fields, but also cultural, ideological, and other resources. In other words, through propaganda, education and other methods, the legitimacy of the war is emphasized. All citizens, resources and talents of the country are required to contribute to the war. After the world economic panic in 1929, until the Second World War, the above situation developed to the point where almost all production, consumption and people's lives were mobilized by the state. Such a society probably began in the 1930s and continued to the Second World War. At that time, Nazi Germany, Mussolini's Italy, militaristic Japan, and even the United States under the New Deal Policy belonged to this category of countries. Not only that, after the end of World War II, under the hostile situation of the United States and the former Soviet Union, the above system basically did not disappear. It changed its form and continued until the end of the Cold War. Culturally, the total war system can be interpreted as mobilizing all cultural resources for a single goal or value. All countries (including China, Japan, the United States, and the former Soviet Union) in the previous period (from the 1930s to the end of the Cold War) have this tendency in culture to some extent, and the tendency is often very strong. 3 3 For the definition of the total war system and its period, please refer to the following paper. Yasushi Yamanouchi " Introduction to Methodology: Total War and System Integration " (Yasushi Yamanouchi, Victor Koschmann, Ryuichi Narita, " Total War and Modernization " Kashiwa Shobo, 1995. 山之内靖「方法的序論 ―― 総力戦とシステム統合」（山之内靖、ヴ Then, how does the culture emerge under China's total war system? Chen Sihe （陈思和） carefully analyzed the relationship between Chinese culture and war since the 1930s in "The Cultural Psychology of War in ContemporaryLiterature 《当代文学当中的 战 争文化心理》 " (Shanghai Literature 《上海文学》 , No. 6, 1988). What the paper discusses is the cultural issue under the total war system. Here I refer to his statement to summarize the cultural situation at that time. Chen Sihe divided the 20th century Chinese culture into two stages: the first stage was the culture of the Enlightenment period beginning with the East-West collision and the political transformation of the Revolution of 1911; the second stage started with the War of Resistance Against Japan and was marked by the establishment of the People's Republic. The culture of this second stage is equivalent to the culture under the total war system in China. He said, "The cultural norms of this period have been developed to the period of the 'Cultural Revolution', reaching their peaks" (ibid.). Among them, he was most concerned about the second stage of Mao Zedong （毛泽东） 's thoughts. Chen Sihe emphasized that at that time Mao Zedong pointed out two ways for intellectuals: "first, unconditionally learn from the masses (mainly farmers), and take the ideological requirements and aesthetic preferences as his work goals; second, unconditionally enter the war, and serve everything for the victory of the war. That is, everything serves the political struggles and policy lines of a specific historical period. From here, we can see that these two requirements are clearly branded with the special marks of wartime culture." (ibid.). The Chinese literature and art during the Anti- Japanese War obviously had the above characteristics, and almost everything was thrown into the war unconditionally. As its symbol, Chen Sihe cite three examples. The first example is All-China's Writers Association for Anti-Japanese War （中华全国文艺界抗敌协会） . He emphasized that "this is the first national literary and artistic organization established after the May Fourth Movement It has won unanimous support from all classes and factions. The literary collaboration tried to end the rambling situation of writers individual contributions to the war. It proposed: 'We must have a well-planned strategy to equip the various departments of literature and art to win. Time must not be wasted, and the pace must be ィクター・コシュマン、成田龍一編『総力戦と現代化』柏書房、 19 95 年所収）山之内靖「総力戦体制からグローバリゼーションへ」 ).Y asushi Yamanouchi " From Total War System to Globalization " , (Yasushi Yamanouchi, Naoki Sakai, "From Total War to modernization", Heibonsha, 2003. （山之内靖「総力戦体制からグローバリゼーションへ」、山之内靖 、酒井直樹編『総力戦体制からグローバリゼーションへ』平凡社、 2003 年所収） . Volume XXI Issue V Version I 24 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2021 C © 2021 Global Journals Total War System and Youth Culture in East Asia Looking at 20th Century Culture from the Changes of Mobilization Mode