Global Journal of Human Social Science, C: Sociology and Culture, Volume 23 Issue 2

Figure 4: Graph with reliability intervals of the violence score An approximation of the probabilities’ distribution towards the violence score as a discreet variable with a Poisson distribution allows estimating that the probability of a LGBTQIA+ individual to suffer at least one of the two types of violence shown in the questionnaire is 98.32%. When the same analysis is done for the heterosexual public, the percentage drops to 38.86%. This data allows us to say that there is both sexism (especially concerning gender) and heterosexism (considering that heterosexuality is established as a normative standard of desires). Welzer- Lang (2001) finds what he calls “the naturalistic paradigm”. According to him, in sexism prevails a pseudo (we would rather say, allegedly) superior nature of men, while in heterosexism, for Welzer-Lang, homophobia would be the major “symptom”, where heterosexuality takes a central position to the detriment of homosexuality. In his own words, the double naturalistic paradigm which defines, on one hand, the masculine superiority over women and, on the other hand, normalizes what male sexuality must be, produces an androcentric and homophobic political norm that inform us about what a true man should be, the normal man (WALZER-LAGN, 2001, p. 468, our translation). That is, there is a continuous and repeated control of bodies and subjectivities which permanently undergoes a learning process by institutions and their respective grammar-codes. Thus, thinking heterosexuality requires, according to Butler (2003), to conceive it as a production that transcends both nature and culture, that is, as heterosexuality is not “essentialized” nor in a biological origin nor in a cultural transmission, its manufacturing is constantly implied in processes of destruction and violence. This allows us to say that homosexuality, as a historical device (FOUCAULT, 1999), has been a privileged target in the production of difference which, often, turns on inequality. It is no coincidence that Foucault, in his genealogical endeavor, says that: If it is true that ‘sexuality’ is the set of effects produced in the bodies, in the behaviors, in the social relations, by a given device belonging to a complex political technology, it must be acknowledged that this device does not work symmetrically here and there, and it does not produce, therefore, the same effects (FOUCAULT, 1999, p. 120). In this perspective, LGBTQIA+ people are produced both as an ontological truth as abject bodies. This difference, understood as a synonym of inequality, will be used as a sufficient reason to “justify” that the lives of LGBTQIA+ people are killable and not susceptible to grief (Butler, 2015). In a recent study on data about violence against lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, transvestites, and transexuals in Mato Grosso do Sul, Oliveira and Araujo (2020) point out that the rates are extremely high and, almost always, are accompanied by physical violence and may lead to death. In this regard, say the authors: First, it is not possible to ignore the degree of violence that is oriented against bodies that are considered incomprehensible: there are countless piercings, blows, stone-throwings. Second, the acts reach parts of the body which demonstrate that the victims could not defend themselves (generally, in the back). Third, the aggressions are done in areas of the body that are symbolically constitutive of ‘humanization’: the face, the countenance (OLIVEIRA; ARAUJO, 2020, p. 302). The authors show that many crimes against LGBTQIA+ people are not “common crimes”. The cruelty associated with the deaths of LGBTQIA+ people configure such facts as “hate crimes”, because it is not enough to kill, it is necessary to do it in an exemplary, stunning way (FOUCAULT, 2004). Usually, death is the unfolding of extremely violent torture, together with extreme violence. It is visible, in this kind of action, the © 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue II Version I 55 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 C Sexuality and Violence: Analysis of a LGBT Citizenship Parade in Campo Grande-MS