Global Journal of Human Social Science, C: Sociology and Culture, Volume 23 Issue 3

© 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue III Version I 49 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 C Research of Social Inequality of the Population in the Regions of Kazakhstan Table 4: Real household incomes for consumption in urban and rural areas by region, on average per capita Regions and cities Household income used for consumption in urban and rural areas, US dollars The growth rate of household income used for consumption, 2020 to 2016, in % The growth rate of household income used for consumption, 2021 to 2016, in % 2016 2018 2020 2021 City Village City Village City Village City Village City Village City Village Akmola 130 113 158 133 170 145 175 155 154,7 150,9 164,3 166,8 Aktobe 121 109 128 106 141 115 154 120 112,5 124,6 155,3 133,9 Almaty 137 147 161 145 181 154 181 160 156,2 123,5 161,5 132,5 Atyrau 128 100 139 107 132 120 142 121 121,2 141,9 135,1 148,2 West Kazakhstan 129 97 140 106 141 114 152 125 104,8 139,7 144,0 157,4 Zhambyl 97 78 115 94 127 107 137 118 154,2 160,9 171,6 184,2 Karaganda 154 121 176 140 188 157 210 171 143,6 153,0 166,3 171,5 Kostanay 121 107 133 113 152 129 175 155 147,9 141,5 195,4 175,9 Kyzylorda 92 88 119 100 122 111 130 128 155,4 148,9 172,9 176,7 Mangystau 126 108 136 112 133 120 137 124 124,2 130,7 132,0 140,7 Pavlodar 121 119 146 138 164 148 190 164 159,2 147,5 190,5 168,9 North Kazakhstan 142 123 185 138 184 152 207 169 126,2 146,6 177,3 167,8 Turkestan 2 85 77 90 85 98 94 122 104 135,7 144,5 174,2 166,4 East Kazakhstan 158 110 182 134 188 135 200 156 140,5 145,0 154,7 172,8 Astana city 151 166 163 191 126,9 153,5 Almaty city 183 205 206 218 132,8 145,2 Shymkent city 2 112 127 110 112 115,2 121,8 Republic of Kazakhstan 139 107 158 116 162 126 176 136 137,9 138,9 155,1 156,0 max 183 147 205 145 206 157 218 171 min 85 77 90 85 98 94 112 104 Max/min (gap) 2,1 1,9 2,3 1,7 2,1 1,7 1,9 1,6 Note: 1. Calculated according to the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. URL: http: www.stat.gov.kz 2. Calculated in US dollars at the current exchange rate of tenge in the corresponding year. 3. Until 2018 there was a South Kazakhstan region, from which the city of Shymkent and the Turkestan region were separated. In general, judging by the above indicators, there is a positive trend in the growth of household incomes used for consumption in the regions of Kazakhstan. However, income growth is offset by an increase in inflation in the consumer market, which reinforces the trend of increasing poverty of the population. In addition, there are still large differences in household incomes used for consumption, both by regions of the country and by cities and villages, which indicates the continuing social inequality of the population. Analysis of the level of gender equality is of great importance from the perspective of overcoming poverty and social modernization of society. Gender equality implies equal access of people to the sphere of employment and social services, regardless of gender and age, as well as their place of residence. To a large extent, women suffer from inequality, which is manifested in the following: − women receive less pay; − have less control over resources; − have fewer opportunities to get an education due to employment in the household; − have less access to high-paying jobs in the public and commercial sectors of the economy; − as a rule, they have less representation in the government; − have a large work load associated with both work in the sectors of the economy, as well as with the birth and upbringing of children, employment in the household. Women from socially vulnerable categories of the population who face the problem of finding stable employment are experiencing particular difficulties. Unemployment and the associated decline in the standard of living of the population increase the risk of an increase in various forms of violence against women.