Global Journal of Human Social Science, C: Sociology and Culture, Volume 23 Issue 3

© 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue III Version I 51 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 C Research of Social Inequality of the Population in the Regions of Kazakhstan is also one of the best in the country - 3.28. At the same time, the median income in these oil–producing regions is one of the lowest, and the gap between the median and average per capita income in Atyrau region is 5 times, and in Mangystau - 3 times, which is the highest among the regions. This indicates a large gap in income and standard of living among the population employed in the core industry (oil production), and among people employed in other sectors of the economy of these areas. Turkestan region has one of the lowest coefficients of funds, but at the same time the lowest level of per capita and median income, the highest proportion of the population with an income below the subsistence minimum, a large proportion of the population with disabilities. It can be said that relative "equality in poverty" persists in the region. Given that the Turkestan region is the most densely populated region of Kazakhstan, the high level of the poor population in this region has a great impact on the severity of the poverty problem in the whole country. Of the 1 million poor population in Kazakhstan as a whole, 25% of its population falls on the Turkestan region. The paradox is that the demographic potential of this region is one of the largest in the country, but its economic potential remains low. The region is an outsider in most economic indicators, it has the lowest indicators of gross domestic product per capita, investment, budget security, housing, higher education, and the highest proportion of the population with vulnerable, unstable employment (46%). b) Differences in household income per capita used for consumption in urban and rural regions of Kazakhstan A comparative analysis of household incomes per capita used for consumption in urban and rural areas of the regions of Kazakhstan allowed us to conclude that higher household incomes on average per capita per month were in Almaty (218 US dollars) and urban areas of industrial regions: East Kazakhstan (200 US dollars), Karaganda (210 US dollars) and North Kazakhstan (207 US do llars). In rural areas of these regions, incomes were lower: in Almaty (155 US dollars), Karaganda (171 US dollars) and North Kazakhstan regions (169 US dollars). The worst situation for this indicator in urban areas was in Shymkent (112 US dollars), Turkestan (122 US dollars), Kyzylorda (130 US dollars) and Zhambyl (137 US dollars) regions. To some extent, such low per capita incomes are explained by the large number of people in the households of these regions. In rural areas low incomes were in Turkestan (104 US dollars), Zhambyl (118 US dollars) regions, as well as in raw material producing regions: Aktobe (120 US dollars), Atyrau (121 US dollars), West Kazakhstan (125 US dollars), Kyzylorda (128 US dollars), Mangystau (124 US dollars) regions 5 . The gap we calculated between the maximum and minimum indicators of household income per capita used for consumption indicates inequality in the levels of social development across the country's regions, which in 2018-2020 tended to increase and only slightly decreased in 2021 (1.9). In particular, a large gap is observed between the indicators of Almaty, the cities of East Kazakhstan, Karaganda regions and Turkestan region. In rural areas, the regional gap is slightly lower (1.6), which is explained by equally low incomes in rural areas of all regions. A paradox can be noted – in the regions of the oil-producing regions (Atyrau and Mangystau regions), which are among the five leaders in social well-being, critically low household incomes per capita used for consumption have developed in rural areas. The analysis showed that the growth of household incomes used for consumption was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in savings. These trends are typical for Aktobe (city and village), Almaty (village), Atyrau (city), West Kazakhstan (city and village), Mangystau (city and village), North Kazakhstan (city) and Turkestan (city) regions. In three cities of republican significance, the growth of consumption expenditures is estimated as moderate, which indicates the continuing opportunities for progressive social development of households. In general, it can be concluded that household incomes used for consumption are significantly lower in rural areas than in the city. c) The level of gender equality A comparative analysis of the average monthly nominal wages of men and women in Kazakhstan showed that a lower wage for women compared to the national average in 2016 was observed in Zhambyl (265 US dollars), North Kazakhstan (268 tenge), Akmola (271 US dollars) regions and Turkestan (279 US dollars). In 2021, the situation in the amount of wages has changed significantly for the better, especially among women. Despite the persistence of gender inequality in society, the economic aspect of this phenomenon tends to equalize. Thus, in the Almaty region, women's wages were 2.1% higher than men's wages. In Turkestan, Zhambyl regions and Shymkent, women receive salaries almost on a par with men. However, in most regions, gender wage inequality persists, and in oil and gas producing regions, men's salaries are almost 1.5-2 times higher. 5 Bureau of National Statistics (2021) Regions of Kazakhstan (2021). In Ed. ShaimardanovZh. N, Astana, 451.