Global Journal of Human Social Science, C: Sociology and Culture, Volume 23 Issue 6

crises. So it is not very difficult to realize, as we explained in a previous topic, that we are not heading towards an era of robots, as reaffirmed by the period of the pandemic in which “essential workers” were reiterated . 30 However, this does not mean that we fail to realize the importance of introducing new technologies into the world of work and the impacts they can have on new forms of exploitation . 31 This will be a decisive process to provide the technological basis for new experiments in labor exploitation. The combination of Industry 4.0 with the precarious proletariat occurred through other processes. The material base on which new experiments could be carried out was the concentrated volume of neoliberal-type attacks in the context of the 2009 recession. First, the so-called “austerity plans”, with aggressive fiscal policies cutting health, education, and public spending of all kinds. This was combined with the institution by force of new labour and social security reforms, with the first establishing the famous figure of “intermittent work” . The main thing that we want to highlight is that new work control capabilities have taken an essential shift by having machines interconnected on the internet, capturing each step of the workers' work activity and transforming it into data to be processed to amplify the control capacity - elements present in other restructurings of the past, but now in new and more complex formats. In this sense, in analogy to Fordism or Toyotism, it is from these industrial technologies that one of the pillars of the new current productive restructuring is structured. 32 And within this context of precariousness, it is worth noting the role of immigrant work, with expressions that, in addition to the over spoliation of labour, especially in the service sector, reached expressions of, as Pietro Basso said, the use of unpaid labour power, twenty-first century forms of enslaved work . 33 Another essential element of mediation between the new 4.0 technologies and the precarious sector, a product of neoliberalism and the conditions of economic crisis was the share economies . This is because it was through this proposal, which long preceded the crisis, but was enormously potentiated in the post-recession period, that we saw the doors open for hiring workers Thus, the European and international proletariat, which already came from a process of exploitation and withdrawal of rights in neoliberalism, with the expansion of the service sector as its flagship, had this configuration deepened in the context of the strong economic recession, a factory of precariousness as “creative work” of finance capital. 30 Antunes 2022 31 Bubbico 2021, p. 39. In Brazilian cases, it was also analyzed in the works of Ladosky 2021 or Veras and Rodgers, 2021 32 Adascalitei and Morano 2015 33 Basso 2015 that circumvented all the labor legislation in force. This process was carried out through the ideological discussion that it was possible to create a sharing of things economy (which even had a critical bias towards consumerism), which would allow the shared use of means of consumption, such as transport or renting a car, houses, in a way that would be sharing or exchanging services, not implying capital and labor relations. It is precisely in this process that the path of labor fraud emerged. Tom Slee explains how this post- crisis move worked: The buzz around the Sharing Economy began a few years ago, but it really started to enter the mainstream in 2013 and 2014. It makes promises that appeal to many people; they certainly appeal to me. Start with informal exchanges — giving a friend a car ride or borrowing a power drill, or running a few errands for neighbors — and use the connecting power of the Internet to scale them up, so that we as individuals can rely more on each other and less on faceless, distant corporations. Each exchange helps someone make a little money and helps someone save a little time: what’s not to like? By taking part in the Sharing Economy we help to build our community instead of being passive and materialist consumers; we help to create a new era of openness, in which we can find a welcome and a helping hand wherever we go. 34 A fourth component of this framework is the introduction of platforms and applications and their accelerated relationship with the world of work. This is not an isolated mechanism from the others, but precisely determining that bundles the other factors and precisely because of this it has gained relevance in the determination of new forms of labor exploitation, called platform capitalism or work platformization (Grohmann, 2020). Platforms were ways of translating industry 4.0 technologies into the service sector, with applications that manage to have an indefinite number of workers at their base and use big data technologies to control work, a form of “algorithmic management” (who managed innovative means of extracting surplus value using forms of gamificatio n Such was the ideological argument that forged the basis for Uber to be able to circumvent labour legislation and say that it is not a taxi service company, but a facilitator of exchanges between service providers and customers. This resource is vital to be analyzed precisely because in a single move, you tear up the set of labor legislation conquered over years of workers struggle, you are absent from any labor claim, workers' accidents, or any damage, and at the same time promotes the figure of the “entrepreneur”, the new ideological form that camouflages the capital-labor relationship and removes from the worker his class identity. 35 34 Slee 2020 35 Woodcock, 2019 and offering bonuses and punishments, even going so far as to dismiss © 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue VI Version I 6 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 C Beyond Fragmentation: Challenges of the World of Work in the Face of Ongoing Productive Restructuring