Global Journal of Human Social Science, C: Sociology and Culture, Volume 23 Issue 6

employees through algorithmic via . 36 In addition, still with algorithmic management, it is possible to plan the use of available resources, given the enormous precariousness of work and unemployment in the context of crisis, having at its disposal a “just-in-time” labor powe r 37 VI. F ragmentation, P roductive W ork and S trategic P ositions , that is, remunerating work strictly during labor activities, which, taking into account that it takes place without any labor legislation, results in an alchemy of exploitation in maximum yield. Hence, we can conclude that we are facing a phenomenon that, on the one hand, repeats the old formulas of capital when it faces crises, that is, the attempts to increase profitability by increasing the rates of relative surplus value through technological means. But what we want to emphasize is that the means to be used are not only outsourcing and the mechanisms of the neoliberal era of the 1990s but also algorithmic management and what we could synthesize in the phenomenon of uberization of work, one of the decisive marks of the new productive restructuring underway in international capitalism, with new consequences in the fragmentation of the working class and in the strategic reflection to confront capital. After all, to think about the unity of the working class in the twenty-first century, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of fragmentation and what is the meaning of the new ongoing productive restructuring (not consolidated, since the expansion of uberization is something that depends on the clashes between capital and labor in the follow years). But what we want to draw attention to is that one of the main strategic challenges posed is the unity of the traditional sectors of the working class, generally in more strategic positions and with better living conditions; the sectors that suffered the consequences of neoliberalism, outsourcing in general, with unstable jobs and fewer rights; the new sectors arising from this last productive restructuring, the uberized, who do not know any labor rights and have been designated as entrepreneurs and, finally, the self-employed and informal workers, who not only do not have no rights or job stability, but they do not have any direct or indirect relationship with a capital company and therefore have more difficulties in achieving a class identity. Permanent worker, outsourced, uberized, autonomous, and informal, here is the strategic challenge of unification. Starting from the understanding of the objective aspects of fragmentation, it is possible to reflect on the 36 Fired by Bot at Amazon: ‘It’s You Against the Machine’ https://www. bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-06-28/fired-by-bot-amazon-turns- to-machine-managers-and-workers-are-losing-out 37 Abilio 2020 subjective dimensions in the world of work today: reflection on the current situation of unions, the aspects and influences of the cultural industry in this process of fragmentation or even the debates on the party-form that were carried out in the light of the reflection of the 21st century. But we would like to highlight one aspect, that gives continuity to the reflection we have made, which is to return to the categories of productive and unproductive work in the light of the fragmentation debate since it is related to the challenge of thinking the theory of value in the context of the emergence of varied forms of interweaving between the financial, commercial, industrial sectors and with new technological-digital ventures. Let us move on to a brief note, therefore, of the reflection on productive and unproductive work. a) Productive and unproductive work The problem of the accelerated expansion of the service sector and the imbrication of information and communication technologies with the world of work, a phenomenon that already took place in neoliberalism, made the distances between the sphere of production and circulation more complex, between industry for a hand, and commerce and services, on the other. From the point of view of the new productive restructuring ongoing, this fact can also be analysed in a particular deepening of this imbrication movement, when we examine the confluence of 4.0 industrial technologies with the service sector, primarly through uberization or phenomena such as the amazonification of the work (taking the logistics giants). Based on this reflection, Ursula Huws posed an interesting question: “Shouldn't we just accept that we are all, in one way or another, part of a huge undifferentiated labor power, producing undifferentiated value for an undifferentiated capital?” She then responds: “I argue no”. Huws seeks to explain this kind of “knot”, a medley of forms of work that converge from the objectives of capitalist accumulation, but without losing sight of the “point at which workers have the power to challenge capital: the center of the knot” 38 The fundamental thing here is to observe that, first of all, industrial production internationally is maintained with full force and has a strategic character, it is something of the classic aspect of the production of surplus-value that is maintained. But also to note that as a result of the accelerated expansion of the service sector and its industrialization, including some logistics and commerce sectors, giant monopolies were formed that set a “tone” for international capitalist accumulation, whether arising from the commercial area such as , directly affects the production of surplus value and which maintains its validity and strategic importance. 38 Huws 2014, p. 28 © 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue VI Version I 7 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 C Beyond Fragmentation: Challenges of the World of Work in the Face of Ongoing Productive Restructuring