Global Journal of Human Social Science, D: History, Archaeology and Anthroplogy, Volume 23 Issue 3

Volume XXIII Issue III Version I 34 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 D © 2023 Global Journals “The Pen is Mightier than the Sword”: Popular Ethics in Edo Period Japan within the religio-political context of the Tokugawa shogunate. In chronicling its rise I investigated the roots of the popular ethics movement in the first century of the Edo period (17 th century) and its fruits in the ensuing centuries (18 th and 19 th centuries). The city of Kyoto, which was “defrocked” of its political preeminence, through an ironic twist of fate, gained its “revenge,” so to speak, by becoming the philosophical centre for the popular ethics movement that eventually would undermine the ideological foundations of Tokugawan power in the Edo period. The subversive philosophical root of “ancient learning” (Confucian and non- Confucian) led in many respects to the ideological fruit of National Learning, and Hirata Shinto. Within this scholarly milieu, practical socio-political fruits also resulted, in particular the cultural “revolution,” especially among merchants. This ideologically driven social movement would ultimately give birth to the Meiji era when Japan re-emerged onto the world stage, but this time as a lasting political force. W orks C ited 1. Bito, Masahide. “Ogy ū Sorai and the Distinguishing Features of Japanese Confucianism.” Pages 153– 60 in Japanese Thought in the Tokugawa Period: 1600–1868 . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1978. 2. Boot, Willem. “Ieyasu and the Founding of the Tokugawa Shogunate.” Pages 7–32 in Sources of Japanese Tradition: 1600 –2000. Vol. 2. Second Edition. Edited by Wm. Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck, and Arthur E. Tiedemann. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. 3. _________ . “Confucianism in the Early Tokugawa Period.” Pages 33–82 in Sources of Japanese Tradition: 1600 –2000. Vol. 2. Second Edition. Edited by Wm. Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck, and Arthur E. Tiedemann. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. 4. Hall, John Whitney. “Introduction.” Pages 1–39 in The Cambridge History of Japan . Vol. 4. Edited by John Whitney Hall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 5. _________ . “The Bakuhan System.” Pages 128–182 in The Cambridge History of Japan . Vol. 4. Edited by John Whitney Hall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 6. Hane, Mikiso. Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey . Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990. 7. Havens, Norman. “Shinto.” Pages 14–37 in Nanzan Guide to Japanese Religions . Edited by Paul L. Swanson and Clark Chilson. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2006. http://www.jref.com/culture/ edo_period_era.shtml (Japan Reference); accessed July 29, 2009. 8. Kasulis, Thomas. “History of Thought in Japan.” Pages 309–17 in Nanzan Guide to Japanese Religions . Edited by Paul L. Swanson and Clark Chilson. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2006. 9. Matsunosuke, Nishiyama. Edo Culture: Daily Life and Diversions in Urban Japan, 1600–1868. Translated by Gerald Groemer. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1997. 10. Masahide, Bit ō . “Thought and Religion.” Pages 373– 424 in The Cambridge History of Japan . Vol. 4. Edited by John Whitney Hall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 11. Maruyama, Masao. Studies in the Intellectual History of Tokugawa Japan . Translated by Mikiso Hane. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974. 12. McMullen, Ian James. “Kumazawa Banzan: Confucian Practice in Seventeenth-Century Japan.” Pages 123–136 in Sources of Japanese Tradition: 1600–2000. Vol. 2. Second Edition. Edited by Wm. Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck, and Arthur E. Tiedemann. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. 13. Najita, Tetsuo. “Method and Analysis in the Conceptual Portrayal of Tokugawa Intellectual History.” Pages 3–38 in Japanese Thought in the Tokugawa Period: 1600 –1868 . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1978. 14. _________ . Visions of Virtue in Tokugawa Japan: The Kaitokud ō Merchant Class in Osaka. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987. 15. Nosco, Peter. “The National Learning Schools.” Pages 481–519 in Sources of Japanese Tradition: 1600 –2000. Vol. 2. Second Edition. Edited by Wm. Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck, and Arthur E. Tiedemann. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. 16. _________ . “Introduction: Neo-Confucianism and Tokugawa Discourse.” Pages 3–26 in Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture . Edited by Peter Nosco. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984. 17. _________ . “Mashuho Zank ō (1655–1742): A Shinto Popularizer Between Nativism and National Learning.” Pages 166–187 in Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture . Edited by Peter Nosco. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984 18. Ooms, Herman. “Neo-Confucianism and the Formation of Early Tokugawa Ideology: Contours of a Problem.” Pages 27–61 in Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture . Edited by Peter Nosco. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984. 19. _________ . Tokugawa Ideology: Early Constructs, 1570–1680. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985. 20. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/japanese-confucian / (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy); accessed Sept. 30, 2022.