Global Journal of Human Social Science, D: History, Archaeology and Anthroplogy, Volume 23 Issue 3

government, 1919-22 y 1936-38, after the Independence from Russia. Rudolph Holsti published The Relation of War to the Origin of the State (Holsti, 1914), which “probably influenced Malinowski´s own thinking on the anthropology of war” (Young, 2004: 174), referring to Malinowsk´s article about the war (Malinowski, 1920). Rudolph Holsti ended his career teaching clases in the University of Stanford, he passed away in Palo Alto in 1945. The most visible person in this Finnish landscape was Tankred Borenius, who was already then a well known and respected specialist in the history of art, a discipline he later taught in the University of London. Among his other virtues, Tankred Borenius was married to Anna-Mi Runeberg, granddaughter of Finland´s national poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg. A part of Runeberg´s poems have to do with Finland´s dependence: In the war in the beginning of the XIX Century, Finland changed from being a Swedish colony to being Russian colony, and the close friendship between the Borenius and Malinowski may be partly due to the fact that both parts came from countries that were colonized by Russia: the country that later would be Poland, as well as Finland (I have a very personal relation with this problem, as my deceased father participated as a volunteer in the Finnish war against Russia on the eve of the Second World War); both in Finland and in Poland there exists historically a solid hate toward Russia, during all periods: the Russian tsarist empire, the Soviet Union, and recent neoliberalism; I had the opportunity to feel this hate during a visit to Poland in 1991, with Mexican athropologists, when I exercised my Russian knowledge, trying to buy a train ticket, it did not make me popular at all. Tankred Borenius owed part of this popularity and success to his friendship with the famous art historian Roger Fry, who in his turn would be the contact to the Bloomsbury group, an artístic commune in the quarter near the British Museum. The Bloomsburies became famous most of all because the renown of the novelist Virginia Wolf, and more recently they have become anthropologically famous due to the publication of a book, in which Adam Kuper describes the kinship relations that were the base of the young capitalism in Engand, with near incestuous marriages in families like the Darwins, most of them living in Bloomsbury.(Kuper, 2009). But in Bloomsbury lived not only poets, painters, and art historians, you´d also find anthropologists. One of these was Gerald Camden Wheeler, who is relevant in the present cotext, as he also went to Melanesia in 1908, to do fieldwork together with Rivers and Hocart. Wheeler “hung around the London School of Economics for a number of years, teaching part-time and collaborating with Hobhouse and Morris Ginsburg on a Tylorian comparative study The Material Culture and Social Institutions of the Simpler Peoples (1915), but he failed to secure a university position after the Great War and dropped from sight. Haddon passed sad judgment on Wheeler many years later when he applied for a civil-list pension: “I regard him as one of those men of ability in their own subject who somehow have not succeeded in life. However, Malinowski valued his friendship during his early years in London and Wheeler helped him to get his first book through the press” (Young, 2004: 174). Two of these Finnish anthropologists were Gunnar Landtman and Rafael Karsten, who both studied anthropology and sociology with Edward Westermarck, in Finland as well as in London. To finish the gossip about the friendship between Landtman and Karsten, thd latter´s friendship with Westermarck was in danger around 1920; “the conflict sprung up about the publication of a book by Karsten in 1926, about The Civilizations of the South American Indians , where the English editor insisted that Westermarck should write a prologue. The two did not agree on the interpretation of primitive art´s function, and Westermarck hesitated before finally writing a diplomatic and conciliatory prologue, to which Karsten responded somewhat acidy. However “apparently the dispute had something to do with the personal chemistry, and the relation was not interrupted comletely, as we know that Karsten visited Westermarck´s seminar in London in 1929” (Young, 2004:174). In the midddle of this Finnish spiderweb we find Edward Westermarck. According to a biographer of his, “was one of the greatest anthropoogists ther has ever been. He made fundamental contributions to at least three areas of the discipline: to the study of kinship and marriage; to the ethnography of North Africa; and to the philosophy of anthropology, notably to questions of ethics and moral relativism. He wrote with enviable clarity. His success was inmmediate and long lasting. His History of Human Marriage , his first and perhaps most popular work, burst alive from the press into the internationl academic world in 1891, and went through five editions in his lifetime” (Shankland, 2014: 1). Apart from being a very popular teacher (cherished by Malinowski, among others), Edward Westermarck was the chief of this tribe of academic Finns in London, in a extremely close relation between academics and artists, painters as well as writers, most of them lived in Bloomsbury, near the British Museum. A bit more matter of factly, we can state that Edward Westermarck was born in what is now Finland´s capital city, Helsinki, in 1862, in a middle class family. In 1886 he obtained his Master´s degree, and in 1888 he went to London to make use of the British Library´s facilities to wtite his Ph. D. thesis, which he finished in 1890, about The History of Human Marriage (Westermarck, 1891). Volume XXIII Issue III Version I 60 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 D © 2023 Global Journals Gunnar Landtman (1878-1940)