Global Journal of Human Social Science, D: History, Archaeology and Anthroplogy, Volume 23 Issue 3

valley can be divided into three parts: Upper, Middle, and Lower. Turkmen lived mainly in the Middle and Lower Zarafshan valleys. The oasis of Samarkand is located in the Middle Zarafshan Valley. It has been considered the center of Central Asia since ancient times and one of its most fertile and wealthy regions. Downstream of Zarafshan is the Bukhara oasis, which consists of several large and small oases. Except for Nurota, all these oases are fed by Zarafshan water. The Bukhara oasis was one of the most populated, cultural, and fertile oases between the rivers of Central Asia. It is surrounded by the desert (Kyzilqum) on almost all sides, it is connected to the neighboring, sparsely populated oases only by the narrow cultural channels of the Zarafshan river valley. Agriculture is the basis of this area; cattle,. Cattle breeding is established in the areas adjacent to the steppes and deserts. The life of the Uzbeks living in the oasis of Bukhara and adjacent areas is long various ethnic components are added to their cultural life led to changes. In these changes, the Turkmen who immigrated had a negligible influence. In 1736-1747, when the Shah of Iran Nadirshah established his rule in Turkestan, he inflicted oppression and suffering on the inhabitants of the conquered territory. The Turkmens, including the Chandris, waged a relentless struggle against them. He moved the Turkmen-Chandirs, who had been in constant opposition to the Iranians, to the north of Iran, to the territories of Bukhara and Khiva Khanates, to places far away from each other so that they would not unite. In the Emirate of Bukhara, the land was "gifted" to representatives of several clans of Chandir from outlying districts. In the oasis of Bukhara, the villages of Chandir are not in one place, but several settlements have appeared far from each other. The close cultural ties of the Bukhara Chandir Turkmens have been well preserved to this day. In the 17th-19th centuries, middle Amudarya Turkmens moved to Zarafshan and Kashkadarya and lived among Uzbeks, Tajiks, Arabs, and other Turkmen clans. Researchers note that them, there were the following Turkmen clans: Salirs, Khidir-Eli, Sakars, Sariks, Ersaris, Chandirs, and others. They had a significant impact on the local population and were also influenced by the unique culture of the local population. These processes undoubtedly indicate the continued ethnic and cultural-economic relations of the people living in the lower Kashkadarya and Zarafshan oasis. We can see these processes in their family and marriage relations, trade, and social circles. Turkmen from Khorezm settled in the Karakol oasis. The "old" clan of nomadic Turkmens moved from the Amudarya area to the Karakol oasis, then in the second half of the 19th century, they moved to the Samarkand oasis and Kashkadarya regions. According to the toponymic materials, different tribal groups of Turkmen lived in the Zarafshan Valley in different periods of history. We can mention; Abdals, Avshars, Aydogds, Ali-Elis, Bayats, Karaturkmans, Karamans, Akmans, Ubas, Choudurs, and others. According to the data from 1924, the following Turkmen clans lived in the territory of the Republic of Bukhara: Imreli, Qorul, Akhchab Kopakli, Bayat, Junaid, Kamishloq, Sayat, Tuyachi, etc. Turkmen toponym is found in Ishtikhon, Jomboy, Pastdargom, Payariq, and Samarkand districts of the Samarkand region, and the Karmana and Khatirchi districts of the Navoi region. A.M. Malikov notes that groups of Middle Amudarya Turkmens began to settle in the lower reaches of Kashkadarya and Zarafshan in the 17th-19th centuries. The Turkmens had a significant influence on the surrounding local population, and they themselves were influenced by the culture of the neighboring local peoples. Part of the Turkmen who came from Khorezm moved to the Karakol oasis. In the second half of the 19th century, the nomadic Turkmens belonging to the old clan moved from the Amudarya region to the Karakol region, then to the Samarkand oasis and Kashkadarya, and maintained a nomadic cattle- breeding lifestyle for some time. Still, later they were forced to switch to a sedentary lifestyle. One of the numerous groups of Turkmen in the Zarafshan Valley were Khizr-Eli Turkmen and Chandir Turkmen. One of these groups lives in Khizr-Eli (Khizireli in local pronunciation) in the village of Turkman on the outskirts of the city of Samarkand, and the other in the town of Chandir in the Pastdargom district of the Samarkand region. In addition, there are Chandir villages in the Shafirkon and Vobkend districts of the Bukhara region. It should be noted that the Zarafshan Valley has long been distinguished by its poly ethnicity, the coexistence of settled and nomadic populations. The poly ethnicity of the region, where Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmens, Jews, Kazakhs, and Iranians lived peacefully, created a unique society. Many facts can be cited that prove the ethnic tolerance of the population. The Oghuz Union was formed at the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century on the shores of the Arol and Caspian seas. Thus, the Oghuz state was established in the 10th century at the foot of Syr Darya. But soon, they were crushed by the Kipchaks, and part of them went to the west; West and settled in the Russian steppes. Another aspect of the Oghuz, under the leadership of the Seljuks, settled in present-day Turkmenistan, north of the Aral Sea. The Seljuks belong to the Qiniq clan of the Oguz tribe. According to Ibn Havqal (10th century), about a thousand Turkish families who converted to Islam moved to the southwest of present-day Shymkent. Oguz means clan, clan, and "own" is an adverb. According to written sources, those who converted to Islam and mixed with the local population of the Oghuz were called Turkmens. Mahmud Koshgari (XI century), Ibn Al-Asr Volume XXIII Issue III Version I 70 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 D © 2023 Global Journals History of Location of Turkmans Living in Zarafshan Valley