Global Journal of Human Social Science, E: Economics, Volume 21 Issue 5

and products in the day-to-day aspects of their career (Australia Council for the Arts, 2020). Conference Board of Canada also suggested growing understanding and appreciation of relationship between arts, cultural industries, and society. This relation gives creative economy extends beyond the culture sector to bring positive social and economic changes in industries, sectors, and social organizations (Conference Board of Canada, 2008). This new term; creative industries, expanded the scope of what was generally considered as “cultural industries,” to exceeded arts to potentials of commercial activities (UNCTAD, 2004), what we can be agreed on is that creative industries located in the center of a broader term; that is the creative economy. For determining our basic terminologies and conceptual framework that are in consistent with our researchobjective (p.1), weagreeonusingof thefunctional concept of culture that we previously referred (p. 3). Moreover, we will use the “cultural industries” term to review measuring approaches of the economic contribution of these industries, while measurement of contribution for broader terms as “creative industries” maybe suggested for other future studies. III. L iterature R eview of M easuring the E conomic I mpacts of C ultural I ndustries The literature of measurement economic contribution of cultural industries is evident in developed countries, other than the rare research for developing countries, Particularly in Africa, as we will discuss later(p. 20; p. 24). There was a lack of measurement of the economic contribution of cultural industries till the 1960s 23 . Yet, by the 1980s, the research emerged driven by the conducted analysis on the relationship between cultural industries and economy 24 (as we previously mentioned in part II), focusing on the quantification of the economic impact of cultural economics on both economic development and economic growth 25 23 There were three reasons for research scarce during this period until the 1960s: first, lack of a statistical data for cultural industries, driven by a view to culture and cultural industries as a new economic discipline. Second, the lack of measurement analysis approaches that could be applied for cultural industries. Third, the debatable relationship between cultural industries and economics, driven by the traditional view of economic analysis, that did not make consistent with the nature of cultural industries and their activities. 24 Prior 1980s, economic impact studies have been conducted on cultural industries in ehe USA to support arguments for public financing of culture, education, and other social science activities (UNESCO, 2012). . 25 Economic impact studies during this period responded to demand for justification of public financing to cultural activities. This issue had two explanations in the USA: first, the long-established interests of state and local governments in stimulating economic growth. Second, the attitude of “show me in dollars and cents” of local businesses and Since the 1990s, the research interests focused on regional issues or for solving global problems related to intellectual property rights. Later, researchers emphasized on the evolution for the economic measures of economic contribution of cultural industries. In the same context, Anglo-Saxon urban researches were focused on the economic development of cities on cultural industries. These thoughts enhanced the methods and techniques of research in measuring cultural industries' contribution. Moreover, some researchers discussed the evolution of cultural industries, which may stimulate effective demand in the short run by attracting visitors and local consumers to cultural areas (Bille and Schulze, 2006). Other researches revealed the long-run impacts, driven by attracting firms to invest in the cultural sector (Heilbrun and Gray, 2004). Moreover, cultural industries cluster had also an increasing interest in conducted researches (Hervas- Oliver et al. , 2011). Most researchers focused on the indirect measurement of the economic contribution of cultural industries, other than the direct measurements. Moreover, they also investigated interactions between the cultural sector and other sectors and industries (UNESCO, 2012). While other researchers revealed the role of supply chain linkages (Bakhshi et al. , 2008), they also referred to structural relationships in labor markets between cultural and non- cultural sectors (Shafi et al. , 2020; Higgs et al. , 2008). IV. M easuring A pproaches of the E conomic C ontribution of C ultural I ndustries The economic measurement of cultural industries' effects has different approaches, which include several terminologies and indicators 26 ; as illustrated in figure (2), followed by brief distinction for these terms. investors, who had the main subsidy supports for arts and cultural activities (Heilbrun and Gray, 2004). 26 The measuring approaches of cultural industries' contribution refers to the analytical methods, practices and tools used for collecting, presenting, and interpreting information related to the economic contribution of cultural industries (UNESCO,2012). Volume XXI Issue V Version I 26 ( E ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2021 © 2021 Global Journals Economic Contribution of Cultural Industries: Evidence from Some Selected Countries