Global Journal of Human Social Science, E: Economics, Volume 21 Issue 5

Figure 2 (i) Mapping studies provide an overview of industries, economic value, particularly in industrial sectors that relatively have lack of data about their activities, such as the cultural sector 27 . This approach helps in the data gathering process. Yet, it is not sufficient for measuring the economic contribution or economic impact of cultural industries. (ii) Economic contribution of cultural industries refers to quantification of economic aggregate changes resulting from cultural industries. This concept, also called the economic importance, is static and descriptive, according to its variables and indicators, which are used in the measuring process. These variables and indicators such as Gross value added(GVA), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employmen t 28 27 Mapping studies approach emerged in cultural economic field by the UK Department of Culture, Media and Sport DCMS studies (UNESCO, 2012), previously referred to in part (II). 28 The economic contribution as a concept had different interpretations in the literature studies. Some researchers defined “contribution” as the economic impact in terms of income, expenditure, and value- added that generating from sectors to the economy (Jura Consultants, 2008). Watson et al. referred to the economic contribution as the aggregate changes in the economic activities of an industry or net changes driven by a new policy in a certain economy (Watson et al., 2007). Thorsby was more precise; he defined the economic contribution in the cultural economics as a basic approach for measuring the economic effects of cultural industries (Throsby, 2010). . (iii) Economic impact is a more dynamic concept, which referred to real and potential changes in one variable, driven by changes in another. More precisely, the economic impact measures the net financial flows (Maddden, 2001) and strong effects of changes in variables on economic factors, such as consumers, firms, markets, and income (Radich, 1987). Moreover, economic impact reveals the direct and indirect effects of different cultural activities (Bille and Schulze, 2006; Helibrun and Gray, 2004) 29 29 Watson et al. defined economic impact as net changes in the economic activities of an industry, or net changes are driven by a new policy in an economy (Watson et al ., 2007). Thorsby defined economic impact as a concept that has a higher level of analytical insight that can reveal paths which output can be produced and distributed in the economy, and also concluding direct and indirect effects on other related sector in the economy (Thorsby, 2010). . So, this concept can be used at both micro and macro levels. At the micro level, we can use it for studying the short-run impacts of investment in cultural sectors. While at the macro level, we can investigate the impact of cultural industries' activities on other industries, sectors, and therefore effects on the economy. In light of the above, we can divide the methods of theses methodological approaches two branches: first, for measuring the economic contribution of cultural industries, that includes two methods: economic size and structural analysis, and cultural satellite accounts (CSA). Second, measuring the economic impact of cultural industries, which includes three methods: multiplier analysis, production function, and disequilibrium model (UNESCO, 2012). Volume XXI Issue V Version I 27 ( E ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2021 © 2021 Global Journals Economic Contribution of Cultural Industries: Evidence from Some Selected Countries Methodological approaches &methods of measuring Economic Effects of cultural industries Measuring Economic Contribution of cultural industries Measurement methods Economic Size & Structural analysis Cultural Satellite Account (CSA) Measuring Economic Impacts of cultural industries measurement methods Multiplier analysis Production function Disequilibrium Model Mapping Studies Source: by the researcher based on; UNESCO, 2012