Global Journal of Human Social Science, E: Economics, Volume 21 Issue 5

According to our best knowledge, the methods of the first methodology, economic contribution, did not get sufficient research interest s 30 a) Economic Size and Structural Analysis . So, for filling the research gap, we will focus on these measurement methods in our discussion. Where these methods give us a broader view of the main and aggregate economic contribution of cultural industries and activities, and also these methods are consistent with our research objective (p. 1). Moreover, measuring the economic contribution of cultural industries at the international level gives the ability for countries to estimate potentials about the evolution of culture industries that are consistent with their society's capabilities and interests. So, we will briefly discuss the methods of the first methodology approach; (i) Economic size and structural analysis. (ii) cultural satellite accounts(CSA). The main objective of this method is to determine interrelationships and interactions between economic activities and cultural industries, using estimates derived from Satellite National Accounts (SNA), for measuring the direct economic contribution of cultural industries. These estimates, which are relevant to macroeconomic aggregates, are as follows: gross value added (GVA), gross domestic product (GDP), the gross value of production(GVP), employment, fixed capital formation, and foreign trade 31 According to this method, we can distinguish between two sorts of analysis: the economic size analysis and the structural analysis. The economic size analysis provides a general view of the economic roles of cultural industries. This analysis includes all components of all economic sectors and also focusing on the economic effects of cultural industries in the long run . 32 . Second, the structural analysis, which could be separately conducted, or could be applied as a part of economic contribution studies. This analysis includes different techniques for studying the structure of cultural industries 33 30 Economic analysis methodologies focused on firms and industries levels, reaching the whole economy level. It was evident that cultural economists were mostly relevant to microeconomics analysis rather than at the macroeconomic level (UNESCO, 2012). 31 According to this method, macroeconomic aggregates of the culture sector are relatively compared with the size of other sectors in percentages values. This method applied in the case of Germany, Queensland, Australia, and Finland (UNESCO, 2012). 32 Regional economic analysis referred to economic size analysis as contribution analysis(Watson et al., 2007). Yet, the “size” term could be more appropriate to reflect the main objective of this analysis, that determining the economic size and share of cultural industries of an economy (UNESCO, 2012). 33 This analysis concerns with different stages of the value chain, with interest in the distribution of macroeconomics variables by sub- sectors, groups of stockholders and consumers, such as authors, producers, distributors. . The structural analysis is not limited to data description; it is rather considered as an interpretation of specific policy, markets, and economic aspect s 34 (i). Gross value added (GVA): which includes three measures: gross value added as a share of GDP of cultural industries, in absolute terms . These two analyses are used not only for measuring long term contributions of cultural industries but also to measure the short term contributions by investing the performance of cultural industries' business, based on operational indicators of business, such as turnover ratio, sales, revenues, profits, number of enterprises, etc. According to these analyses, macroeconomic variables are used to estimate indicators that are used to specify the economic contribution of cultural industries. The objective of these indicators is to provide reliable measurements for the decision-making process in the culture industries' policy. The main three indicators are as follows (UNESCO, 2012): 35 . Gross value add as a share of the culture of GDP of culture industries, in relative terms 36 . Distribution of gross value added as a share of GDP by sub-sectors 37 (ii). Employment indicators, which includes four measures: contribution of cultural industries' employment to total employmen t . 38 . Distribution of employment in the cultural industry secto r 39 . Volume and share of self-employmen t 40 . Labor productivity in the cultural industry secto r 41 . 34 Several types of research referred to structural analysis with other names, such as value chain analysis and cluster analysis. Value chain analysis identifies the relationships between different stages of the value chain in culture industries. Cluster analysis sheds light on the competitiveness of culture industries and their relevant factors, based on four basic factors analysis: strateg ies of firms and their competitors, demand market, supporting industries, and factor conditions (Porter, 1990). 35 Calculated by dividing the gross value added over GDP of cultural industries in absolute terms (UNESCO, 2012). 36 Calculated by dividing the share of cultural industries in gross value added over GDP of the total economy, in relative terms (%) (UNESCO, 2012). 37 Calculated by dividing the share of culture industries of sub-sectors in total gross value added over GDP of cultural industries, in absolute and relative terms(UNESCO, 2012). 38 Calculated as a share of cultural industries' employees to total employment in the economy, in relative terms(%) (UNESCO, 2012). 39 Calculated as the share of cultural industries sub-sector employment to total employment of cultural industries sector, in absolute and relative values (UNESCO, 2012). 40 Calculated by dividing the number and share of self-employment jobs in cultural industries sector over the total self-employment jobs in the economy(UNESCO, 2012). 41 Calculated as Gross value added (GVA) in cultural industries per employee(UNESCO, 2012). Volume XXI Issue V Version I 28 ( E ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2021 © 2021 Global Journals Economic Contribution of Cultural Industries: Evidence from Some Selected Countries