Global Journal of Human Social Science, E: Economics, Volume 21 Issue 5

(iii). Business activity indicators, which include six measures: stock of business 42 . Distribution of business by sub secto r 43 . Business startups 44 . Business mortalit y 45 measuremen t 46 . Distribution of startup business by sub-secto r 47 . Distribution of business mortality 48 b) Cultural Satellite Accounts(CSA) . The main purpose of satellite accounts systems (SAS) 49 is to measure the economic importance degree of a specific industry. Cultural satellite accounts (CSA) statistically measure the economic contribution of cultural industries in a certain econom y 50 42 Estimated with the number of businesses by size in cultural industries (UNESCO, 2012). 43 Estimated with the number of businesses by size in cultural industries sub-sectors (UNESCO, 2012). 44 Estimated with the number of new businesses in cultural industries per 10,000 persons (UNESCO, 2012). 45 Business mortality occurs in the year when the firm stops reporting sales. This definition is similar to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Business Employment Dynamics measures, which include mergers, acquisitions, and industrial reclassification (Daepp et al ., 2015). 46 Estimated with the number of locked businesses in cultural industries per 10,000 persons (UNESCO, 2012). 47 Estimated with the number of new business in cultural industries sub-sectors per 10,000 persons (UNESCO, 2012). 48 Estimated with the number of locked businesses in cultural industries sub-sectors per 10,000 persons (UNESCO, 2012). 49 The satellite account systems (SAS) represent an extension of the system of national accounts (SNA). The (SAS) measure the economic contribution of specific industries, particularly in sectors and for activities that are relatively not observable in traditional (SNA). Such sectors and activities as tourism sector, sports sector, and activities, nonprofit sectors. . CSA also includes both demand and supply sides of cultural industries, based on the Input-Output matrix. It also includes aggregates variables of GDP, intermediate consumption, value-added, and employment. Yet, the investment in cultural sectors is not included because of lack of data about industry classifications in many countries (UNESC, 2012), which made difficulties in using CSA for measuring the economic contribution of cultural industries. Recently, cultural satellite accounts CSA based on input-output tables, derived and modified to capture the economic contribution of cultural industries (Australia's CSA), or by especial preparation of input- output tables for cultural activities, which based on empirical research about sectorial interrelationships (Colombia's CSA). 50 Lemair Pioneered the conceptual framework of cultural satellite accounts (CSA) for the French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (FNISES)(The Ministry of Education, Finland, 2009). Recently, the (CSA) systems for measuring the economic contribution of cultural industries are widely used in most MERCOSUR countries; Argentina, B razil, Paraguay, a nd Uruguay, a nd also used in some EU countries such as Finland, Spain, and UK (Experian, 2007). Although widely used, the CSA system faces serious applied problems: First, identification of these industries that are considered as cultural industries, therefore, should be included in CS A 51 . Second, availability of data about Both supply and demand sides for constructing CS A 52 V. M easuring A pproaches in some S elected C ountries . These problems make serious difficulties for using the (CSA) systems in practice at the national level, and also for international comparisons purposes. In this part, we will discuss approaches of measuring the economic contribution of cultural industries in the selected countries (p. 1). The objective of this discussion is to clarify two main points in the selected countries: First, differences in concepts and activities that include cultural industries. Second, approaches and measures for the economic contribution of cultural industries. The selected countries widely cover different geographical regions. Moreover, they are regionally and internationally the most important countries that realized the importance of cultural industries. Therefore they have considerable literature in this field, and also they applied different modern approaches for measuring the economic contribution of culture industries. These selected countries regionally classified are as follows: UK, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain from Europe. Canada and USA from North America. Australia, China, and India from the Asia-pacific region. South American economic organization (MERCOSUR) for South America region. South Africa and Egypt from Africa region (Appendix A. 1; A. 2). First: Differences in both concepts and activities, including in cultural industries in the selected countries The selected countries have various definitions and classifications of cultural industries (Appendix, A.1). This variation led to changes in the scope and perspectives of researches that measure the economic contribution of cultural industries. Based on the UK classification model, European selected countries agreed on concepts and activities of cultural industries, with conducting initial modification, 51 This represents a serious problem for using (CSA) in practicing, that is due to inclusion or exclusion small supply of cultural industries in (CSA). Yet, industries that partially have cultural products and services should be only included the share of their production that considered cultural products and services in the (CSA). These may arise both conceptual and measuring problems. 52 In UK, the calculation of input-output tables is based on 123 products and industries. In Finland, this calculation is based on 90 products and industries. While in France, calculations are based on 114 products and 116 industries. In Australia, input-output tables are based on 106 products and industries; while in Spain, calculations are based on 75 branches of activities and 118 groups of products… etc. depend on industry development, and its diversity in each country (UNESCO, 2012). Volume XXI Issue V Version I 29 ( E ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2021 © 2021 Global Journals Economic Contribution of Cultural Industries: Evidence from Some Selected Countries