Global Journal of Human Social Science, E: Economics, Volume 21 Issue 5

according to their local needs. Their cultural industries concepts mostly include activities such as: Architecture, film & video, broadcasting (radio & TV), performing arts (theatre, dance, festivals), publishing, music industry, and Advertising. While some other activities, such as sports industries, audio industry, botanical gardens, and zoos, education & training is more included in cultural industries classification for selected European countries, Finland and Spain (Appendix, A. 1). Moreover, some cultural activities are sometimes included in both the culture sector and other sector s 53 For the North America region, the two selected countries; the USA and Canada, almost agreed on cultural industries activities, that include: Architecture, film & video, broadcasting (radio & TV), performing arts (theatre, dance, festivals), publishing, music industry, audio industry, Advertising. While some other activities, such as sports industries, botanical gardens, and zoos, education & training, are not included (Appendix, A. 1). Yet, the definition of arts in the USA includes art councils and cultural organizations that have a non-profit orientation and also have their independent budgets. In the same context, the definition of creative industries in the USA focused on businesses involved in the production or distribution of art products (for-profit and not-for-profit). This definition implies that creative industries include art councils, government agencies, museums, art or science centers, art galleries and art schools (non-commercial), symphony orchestras, theatres, opera companies, performing arts center productions, ballet productions, dance studios, schools and halls, theatre building, ownership, and operation. This concept excludes industries that are creative but not focused on the arts (e.g., computer programming and scientific research (Appendix, A. 1). Another concept in the USA is copyright-based industries, which includes four industries: core copyright industries, partially copyright industries, distribution, and copyright-related industries . 54 Canadian cultural activities concept is based on the stages of the creative chain model. These stages are creation, production, manufacturing, distribution, and support activities . 55 53 These activities such as tourism and cultural tourism, sports, and recreation. 54 Since 2006, this definition has been followed to achieve international standards proposed by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 2003, regarding the development of economic and statistical standards to measure impacts of domestic copyright industries (Siwek, 2006). 55 Creative chain model consists of an initial creative idea, which is usually combined with other inputs to produce a cultural good or service that then goes through a series of interlinked stages to reach the user. Cultural goods and services in the creative chain model are represented as hierarchical models, that distinguishes between basic and dependent goods and services, depending on the primary purpose of final product (Statistics Canada, 2011). . Moreover, Canadian cultural activities are identified according to the level of culturality, including in products. The core of cultural products is that entire cultural chain, and their primary purpose is the transmission of intellectual concepts (Statistics Canada, 2004). Asia-Pacific region definition of cultural industries based on a combination of UK and UNESCO perspectives and it was established within the “Jodhpur Initiatives.” This definition considers cultural industries that produce tangible or intangible artistic and creative outputs, and that have a potential for wealth creation and income generation through investing in cultural assets and production of knowledge-based goods and services (UNESCO, 2005). In this region, most of the selected countries are using creative industries term (Australia, China), which includes broader activities such as: Architecture, Broadcasting (radio & TV), Performing Arts (theatre, dance, festivals), Designs (product, fashion, festivals), Visual arts and art market, Publishing (book, press, journals), The music industry, Software, computer games and multimedia, Internet access providers, Advertising, Jewellery, crafts, and related activities. other than India's cultural industries term; Media & entertainment industries, which only includes activities such as Film & Video, Broadcasting (radio & TV), Music industry, Advertising (Appendix, A. 1). For MERCOSUR countries in the South American region, the cultural field is used for expressing a broad and dynamic concept, which includes not only activities that produce goods and services with symbolic meaning and value, but also includes broader activities such as artistic training, because these can play a role in the generation of symbolic content (Appendix, A. 1). According to the CSA of MERCOSUR countries, culture production divided into 12 sectors and several sub- sectors, as follows (i) artistic creation (literary, drama, music, etc.); (ii) performing arts (theatre, dance, live music, etc.); (iii) visual arts (photography, sculpture, graphic arts, industrial arts ..etc.); (iv) books and publishing (books, periodicals, other publications); (v) audio- visual (film and video, radio and television, video games, etc.); (vi) music (music publishing and music recording); (vii) design (architectural, industrial, graphic, textile, fashion, accessories); (viii) games and toys; (ix) tangible heritage (museums, libraries, heritage institutes, etc.); (x) natural heritage (botanical gardens and zoos, natural reserves, etc.); (xi) intangible heritage (festivals and fairs, local languages, cuisine and local culinary traditions, etc.); and xii)artistic training (UNESCO, 2012). In African selected countries, cultural industries have a common term, and it is usually including activities such as music industry, crafts, film and television, and the publishing industry (Ghoneim, 2002) 56 . cultural 56 Ghoneim tried to measure the importance of cultural industries in Egypt. According to his study, the core activities of cultural industries Volume XXI Issue V Version I 30 ( E ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2021 © 2021 Global Journals Economic Contribution of Cultural Industries: Evidence from Some Selected Countries