Global Journal of Human Social Science, E: Economics, Volume 21 Issue 5

industries in a broader sense may include cross-cutting sectors, such as cultural tourism, design and fashion, heritage, gastronomy. In Africa, cultural industries are represented as interdisciplinary between traditional knowledge, arts, and creative economy. They are organized as household units, working in informal groups. Most the cultural production in some African countries occurs in an informal economy, and this is often the only source of income (UNDP, 2008). In other countries; e.g., South Africa, cultural industries are highly diverse and also characterized by their structure of small firms and concentrated in urban areas (UNECO, 2012). Second: The main approaches and measures for the economic contribution of cultural industries in the selected countries There are different approaches using for measuring economic contribution of cultural industries across the selected countries. These approaches varied between economic size and structural analysis, cultural satellite accounts (CSA), value chain analysis by sub- sector, Input-Output matrix, and satellite account creative sector sub- model. All these approaches depend on mapping studies, driven by information availability about the cultural sector (Appendix, A. 2). In European selected countries, the DCMS model was applied in mapping studies of the UK by the 1990s, based on the value chain concept. This concept includes the creation, production, manufacturing, and distribution of cultural content. Therefore, the value chain model was used as a type of economic analysis 57 Another approach is employment-based, which measures direct and indirect employment in creative occupations for all industries. According to this approach, There are two ways for measuring the . Moreover, the Finnish model depend on the culturality of goods and services to implement a value chain approach (Ministry of Education, Finland, 2009). Instead of the value chain model, three-sector model was applied in Germany. These three sectors are private, civil, and public property & management rights. According to this model, measuring the economic contribution of the culture sector, is focused on private sector or market-oriented businesses, and all sub- sectors related to cultural activities (UNESCO, 2012). were as follows: Book Publishing Industry (BPI), Music Sound Recording (MSR), Film Production Industry (FPI), Software Industry (SWI) (Ghoneim, 2002). 57 Value chain model had difficulties because national statistics definition of cultural industries that included certain activities at a different level of aggregation. Moreover, this model included different activities (e.g., zoo and botanical garden, wine and food industries), or several stages of the value chain, depending on tradition of cultural sector classification, which may include or exclude dependent activities, such as art agents and auxiliary activities. contribution of cultural employment to economic growth: first, measuring the impact of cultural activities and concentration of creative class on economic growth. Second, the trident model, which is used for measuring direct and indirect employment in cultural industries, applied in UK and France. In European selected countries, three main measures are used to measure the economic contribution of cultural industries; these are gross value- added, employment, and the dynamics of business in cultural industries. These economic measures are used in both quantitative and qualitative way and are mainly based on data derived from Satellite National Accounts (SNA). Economic size and structural analysis was also the main methodological approaches in the selected European countries, which devoted to estimating the direct contribution of cultural industries on macroeconomic aggregates such as GVA, GDP, employment, trade, export, and import) (Appendix, A. 2). This analysis is also combined with structural analysis, based on the availability of data. Moreover, structural analysis is sometimes combined with value chain analysis for explaining the structure and function of different stages of the value chain in cultural industries (UNESCO, 2012). In the UK, a new model I-O matrix for the cultural sector was constructing in 2007, based on a combination of input-output data. The primary objective of such analysis was to investigate the linkages between cultural sector and the economy in the UK. This kind of analysis is very rare in European countries due to the extensive process of data gathering. Another method for measuring the economic contribution of cultural industries is cultural satellite accounts (CSA). It was developed in Finland and Spain. In Finland, (CSA) was evaluated in 2005. later, a calculation model for measuring the economic contribution of culture was created. Then, in 2007, a culture satellite account survey was constructed with a computational framework for cultural satellite accounts 58 58 This was a very important step in this field, that Finnish CSA input- output matrix is based on 60 products and 60 industries out of 90 products and industries included in the SNA and I-O table of the Finnish economy. Yet, the Finnish CSA concept did not include voluntary work, original works of art, general cultural administration, outsourcing, the demand of culture by companies, crafts, games, religious organizations and military bands, open-source activities, education, folk high schools, and Colleges, design, and sport. (Ministry of Education, Finland, 2009). While in Spain, measurement framework focused on gross value added, the contribution of the cultural sector to GDP, employment, number of firms, net sales, etc. as well as on distinction between private and public sector in measuring economic contribution of cultural and leisure industries, based on anthropological activities such as sports, bullfighting, amusement parks, fairs, lotteries, Volume XXI Issue V Version I 31 ( E ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2021 © 2021 Global Journals Economic Contribution of Cultural Industries: Evidence from Some Selected Countries