Global Journal of Human Social Science, E: Economics, Volume 21 Issue 5

Newton 2007). So, it is difficult to provide an evident for the measuring methodologies in the selected African countries. In South Africa, direct and indirect economic contribution has been measured for the first time in 2008. The total direct contribution was measured using value- added, output, and employment indicator s 66 In the same context, as our best knowledge, conducted researches for measuring the economic contribution of cultural industries in Egypt were scarce. Ghoneim used the questionnaire method and available poor data to measure the importance of cultural industries for Egypt. He estimated the economic contribution of cultural industries by 0.000128% to GNP in 1999 (Gross National Product). Yet, he revealed optimistic estimates that would not exceed 0.5% of GN P . While the indirect contribution was calculated by estimating both output and value-added multipliers (British Council, 2008). Later, other researchers measured the economic contribution of cultural industries in South Africa using four indicators, as follows: the value of production, profitability, employment, and number of firms in cultural industries. Some of these studies also analyzed the structure of culture industries in South Africa using the value chain model (UNESCO, 2012). 67 . Such estimates were very low, compared with other countrie s 68 VI. C oncluding R emarks (Ghoneim, 2002). The relationship between culture and economics is debatable and has increasing interests across countries. The research in measuring the economic contribution of cultural industries revealed the importance of cultural industries for stimulating economic growth. Therefore, there is increasing interest to measure the economic contribution of cultural industries, using several approaches and methods. In light of this study, we may reach several conclusions and suggestions as follow: First , the importance of cultural industries has been more realized by developed countries. Therefore, the conducted researches of cultural economics are more evident and complicated in developed countries rather than developing countries. 66 The total direct contribution was measured for 11320 firms related to cultural industries in South Africa (British Council, 2008). 67 These estimates were based on four core cultural industries: book publishing industries, music sound recording, film production industry, software industry (Ghoneim, 2002). 68 The economic contribution for the four core industries of culture to GNP by the year 2000 in other countries were as follows: 3.1% in Australia; 2.9 in Germany; 5.06 % in India; 3.6% in UK; and 3.3% in USA (Alikhan, 2001). Second , cultural industries in developing countries are sometimes considered as a part of the creative industry. At the same time, there is a clear distinction between cultural and creative industries in developed countries, particularly in the EU. Third , although the realization of cultural industries importance, there are not a clear and common definition for cultural industries in developed and developing countries, this led to difficulties in setting comparable measures for economic contribution of cultural industries at the international level, while comparable measures are much available at local and regional levels. Fourth, there are several approaches for measuring the economic contribution of cultural industries. Yet, these approaches face serious problems in application, particularly the identification of these industries and activities that should be included in cultural industries, and also there is a lack of a common conceptual framework across countries. Fifth , data limitation is still the main problem for measuring the economic contribution of cultural industries, due to statistics of cultural industries and statistical methodologies which have not been harmonized in a systematic manner. Sixth, although difficulties, the measuring approaches of the economic contribution of cultural industries can be effective for analyzing the structure of cultural industries, and their contribution to economic growth. Yet, they are still not enough measures for cultural industries' contribution. So, we can suggest the need for more evolution to new common concepts and measurements of economic contribution for these industries to be more comparable at both regional and international levels. Seventh, while several approaches of measuring are applied, mapping studies represent a starting point for measuring the economic contribution of cultural economic. So, we can suggest it for measuring the economic contribution of cultural industries for the Egyptian case, which is suffering from scarce researches in this field. Eighth, the Egyptian case needs a clear conceptual framework for cultural industries and also data availability about these industries. So, constructing cultural satellite accounts (CSA) for Egypt is necessary. That would be a great first step towards measuring the economic contribution of cultural industries in Egypt. R eferences R éférences R eferencias 1. Adorno, T. (1998). Aesthetic Theory , Gretel Andorno and Rolf Tiedemann (eds.), Continuum, the regents of the university of Minnesota. 2. Alikhan, S. (2001). “The Cultural Industries and Their Contribution To Economic Growth,” paper presented at the WIPO/ISESCO Conference on Intellectual Property, organized by the WIPO and the ISESCO in Volume XXI Issue V Version I 33 ( E ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2021 © 2021 Global Journals Economic Contribution of Cultural Industries: Evidence from Some Selected Countries