Global Journal of Human Social Science, E: Economics, Volume 22 Issue 7

WAR or 5DE * = % of women who are empowered = % of women who are not empowered (1- ) = the average absolute empowerment score among the disempowered e ne e e ne e e H H A H H H A = + Alternatively, 5DE can or WAR can be estimated by using: 0 * dp sm M H A = Where dp H is the multidimensional deprivation headcount ratio and sm A is the average percentage of simultaneous deprivations suffered by the disempowered. Based on this, 0 5DE 1 M = − ; Where 0 M is the multidimensional disempowerment. The Gender Parity Index (GPI) is also estimated as: 1 GPI HGPi IGPi = − × From the above: HGPi is the percentage of gender parity inadequate households; IGPi is the average empowerment gap between women and men living in the household that lack gender parity. The overall WEI is therefore: 0.6(5DE) + 0.4(GPI) Although the overall WEI is 100(Hunger Project, 2014), 80 was used as the threshold for this study. This implies that women with at least 80 score indicates higher degree of women empowerment within the community. v. Explanation of the computation of the five domains The five domains (5DE); Agency, Income, leadership, Resources and Time/Workload was estimated by using 11 indicators. a. Agency This was computed by using three indicators: decision on visit to hospital; decision on household purchases; and perception on violence. The indicators were coded as 0 and 1 with 1 representing sole or joint decision on particular indicator and 0 for otherwise. A respondent who partake in sole or joint decision (i.e., value of 1) is considered empowered. b. Income Income was assessed with two indicators: women ownership to a business and decision on control of earnings. Similarly, this domain was coded as 1 and 0, where 1 shows sole or joint decision and 0 otherwise. A respondent who partake in sole or joint decision (i.e., value of 1) is considered empowered. c. Leadership d. Resources Literacy rate and minimum number of prenatal care visit was the two indicators used to estimate women’s resources. A value of 1 was used to represent respondent’s ability to read or write and 0 for otherwise. The same value of 1 was used to indicate yes for respondents who cared about their health and went for prenatal care visit and 0 for otherwise. For each indicator, a respondent is empowered with a value of 1 and 0 for otherwise. e. Time/workload The type of cooking fuel and time spent to access water were used as the two indicators for this domain. Women who used traditional cooking fuel like wood are likely to spend more time cooking hence the code 0 and 1 for improved cooking fuel like gas or electric. Respondents who spend less than 30 minutes to access water were coded as 1 and 0 for otherwise. For each indicator, a respondent is empowered with a value of 1 and 0 for otherwise. c) Empirical Model In order to assess the determinants of women empowerment in this study, the probit and logit model was adopted. The general regression model is given by: ( ) ( , , , , , Re , , , , Re ) emp HH edu age ms occ i age edu f W f Sex W W W W l Wel H H g = The specific probit model is: Volume XXII Issue VII Version I 4 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2022 © 2022 Global Journals E Assessment of the Key Indicators and Dimensions of Women Empowerment in Rural Zambia Women’s leadership was based on tow indicators: ownership of house since such women will part of a group of landlord association; and discussion about family planning with health workers. This also measures the woman’s confidence level. The indicators were coded as 0 and 1 with 1 representing sole of joint ownership of house; and the same coding to represent with 1 indicating yes if respondents had a discussion with health worker on family planning and 0 for otherwise. A respondent who has sole or joint ownership of house (i.e., value of 1) and also discus family planning with health worker (i.e., value of 1) is considered empowered.