Global Journal of Human Social Science, E: Economics, Volume 23 Issue 3

Table 1: Labor Market’s Composition, 1985-2015 Variable 1985 1995 2005 2015 1985-2015 Sex Males 69.6 64.6 61.2 58.2 -16.4 Females 30.4 35.4 38.8 41.8 37.5 Education Illiterate or less than 1 year (ILL) 15.4 8.4 4.1 3.5 -77.4 Incomplete elementary School (LTE) 32.9 51.6 34.8 20.1 -38.9 Complete Elementary School (ESG) 11.2 17.1 18.3 16.7 49.2 Complete High School (HSG) 32.7 13.7 27.9 37.5 14.8 Incomplete Higher Education (LTC) 3.3 2.9 6.2 6.3 89.6 Higher Education (CSG) 4.6 6.4 8.6 16.0 250.7 Occupation Leaders (MNG) 4.7 5.4 4.1 4.2 -8.8 Professionals /Technicians (PAT) 6.6 7.7 14.0 17.7 170.5 Administrative (CRC) 12.0 11.1 13.1 14.6 21.4 Sales (SLS) 6.8 8.5 7.9 9.1 32.9 Production and Operations (PAO) 5.7 7.9 27.6 26.2 360.2 Agricultural (AGR) 39.0 36.7 9.2 5.6 -85.6 Domestic Services (HHS) 8.7 10.6 9.4 6.5 -25.0 Others services (OTS) 16.6 11.9 14.6 16.1 -3.3 Source: PNAD data. Agricultural workers were the ones that showed deeper fall, from about 40% to 5% during the period, reflecting intense technological change in agricultural sector. On the other hand, production and operational employees showed greater positive variation. Then, it was observed intense replacement in both sectors considered as routine and manual. Figure 1 considers the composition of qualification groups according to gender and it is noted the same tendency in both sectors – increase of qualification and higher educational levels for women. As example, among women the percentage of individuals with higher education or graduation surpassed 20% in 2005 as among men this same percentage was slightly over 10%. In 2005, the highest percentage of individuals had complete high school both for men and women. It can also be observed employment composition according to gender and occupational groups in Figure 2. Initially, reduction in employment stood out both form men and women in agricultural occupations. In this segmentation, according to gender, replacement from agricultural activities (AGR) to production and operational ones (PAO) stood out for men and, for women, replacement from professional and technical activities (PAT) and other service activities (OTS), thus abstract and manual activities, respectively. Therefore, there was an expressive increase in operational occupations among men, similar to reduction of occupations in agricultural activities. Among women, there was relative stability in this operational group. I can also be observed among men and women relative stability in manager, administrative and sales groups, although there was a slight increase for women. On the other hand, there was an increase of professionals and technicians for both genders. © 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue III Version I 14 Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 ( )E Occupational Polarization in Brazilian Labor Market, 1985-2015