Global Journal of Human Social Science, E: Economics, Volume 23 Issue 3

Regarding other estimated differentials and controls included on regression, there was also a reduction. Gender differentials increased from 1985 to 1995, but reduced during other periods; experience or age differentials fell during the whole period. Higher educational levels had better wages, but these differentials were smaller when compared to the reference category during the years, especially from 2005 to 2015. This reduction is smaller during the first period, from 1985 to 2015, in which it is possible to notice wage valorization for individuals with high school or higher education, under graduation or graduation. When talking about characteristics of the workplace, individuals with formal job attachment had better wages when those differentials were reduced both for the first and second period. The sector with better wages is industry, but by the end of the period the intersectoral differentials were low. For spatial characteristics, those living in urban and metropolitan areas had better wages and the ones living in the Northeast had it lower. To analyze the behavior of wage differentials between occupations for men and women, wage equations were estimated for each element, as in Figure 3. Initially, there was deeper fall on differentials from 1985 to 1995 then on other periods. Differentials for the first two groups, Managers and Professionals and Technicians, were more similar for men then for women in 1995, but they got closer to women by the end of the period. On the other hand, for the groups Administrative and Sales employees, premiums were closer to men in 1985 than to women, but they were also reduced for both genders during the studied period. However, there was an amplification of differentials for these two categories with higher wages, it is, the two first groups. Lastly, for the three remaining occupations, it is possible to observe a relative change on wage differentials both for men and women. In 1985, the differentials for Production and Operation (PAO), Agriculture (AGR) and Other Services (OTS) grew. However, in 2015, Production and Operation (PAO) had greater differentials, especially for men. In case of men, the behavior of differentials for the ones employed on Production and Operation (PAO) stood out, with a smaller fall then for the other occupations from 1985 to 2015; the ones working at agriculture had sharper reduction during the same period. Hence, employment replacement from agricultural activities to production and operation, as observed on the previous section, was followed by a relative wage increase for these urban occupations. As for women, despite the tendency of fall for wage differentials, some facts stood out. Managerial occupation (MHG) and Professionals and Technicians (PAT) had better wages that were becoming more distant from the income of other occupations in 2015. Thus, amplification of jobs for women in these occupations as observed on the previous section, was followed by a relative amplification of wage differentials when compared to other occupations. In sequence, there were the wages of women who worked at administrative jogs and other occupations with smaller differential when related to occupations with average wages. Thus, in case of women, the entrance to the labor market with more abstract or manual occupations was followed by better relative wages on the upper and lower tail when compared to occupations with average wage. a) Male © 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue III Version I 18 Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 ( )E Occupational Polarization in Brazilian Labor Market, 1985-2015