Global Journal of Human Social Science, E: Economics, Volume 23 Issue 3

increase in the intensity of its work, the same does not receive a salary adjustment that compensates for this wear. In this sense, we corroborate with Gouvea (2020) for whom neoliberalism is not a circumstantial phenomenon, but is constituted as a way of being of the imperialist capitalist accumulation that began as a response to the crisis of the 1970, and extends to the present day, based on three axes of measures in the sense of flexibilization of relations and organization of production, the use of fictitious capital as a central element of accumulation and deepening of expropriations and commodification in all dimensions of life reproduction (GOUVEA, 2020, page 24). All these conditions imposed new roles for the national states, which become mediators of valorization of large masses of capital (BEHRING, 2012; IASI, 2018). This does not mean that the State ceases to perform old economic functions already classically organized since the beginning of the prevalence of monopoly capital. But it assumes that the redirection of the State role before the needs of financial capital and the parasitic character of imperialist capital implies a singular appropriation of socially produced wealth “where all the productive effort of the labor force is dilapidated to guarantee the conditions of predatory profitability of monopolized capital, the health of financial capital and the well-being of the flow of capital to private concentration” (IASI, 2018, p.148). But since the part of the social wealth that is in the form of a public fun d 3 is operated by the bourgeois state, in addition to a need for a profound change in the way of being of social policies and services so that, amid this dynamic, they function as central mediations of social wealth transfers to capital (GRANEMANN, 2012), highlights the place that the public fund occupies in the current dynamics of accumulation. As capitalism presupposes crises as part of its tendency to increase productivity and change in the capital organic compositio n 4 , the public fund is also 3 The public fund is formed from taxes, social contributions and rates appropriate by the State via the tax system, which are required to act in the workforce reproduction, via services and social policies. The constitution of the public fund is not separated from the regressive character of tax collection in capitalist society, and one of the hallmarks of the contemporary tax system is the increase in a collection based increasingly on indirect taxes, which fall back on the consumer goods necessary for the reproduction of the labor force. (BEHRING, 2012) 4 It is understood that the crisis is inherent in the movement of capital itself and derives from its contradictory structure, which includes its laws of tendency and the essential counteracting factors, but not decisive in the sense of elaborating a prognosis or empirical falsifications (GRESPAN, 2012). For a debate about the causes, content and form of the contemporary crisis see CARCANHOLO, Marcelo Dias. Content and current form of the crisis of capitalism: logic, contradictions and possibilities. Crítica e Sociedade : journal of political culture. v.1, n.3, Special Edition - Dossier: The current crisis of capitalism, dec. 2011. biased toward giving more and more material support to the capital expanded reproduction, reducing its participation in the workforce reproduction (BEHRING, 2012 ) 5 . Hence, at the heart of the imperialist system lies the dispute mechanisms for draining the wealth of dependent economies in financial form. The main mechanism has been public debt (BEHRING, 2012). This implies understanding that the expanded reproduction of capital in the contemporary phase, besides accumulating more in means of production than in labor force, configuring what Marx already signaled as a tendency to increase organic composition, it leads the hyper-concentrated and monopolized capital to seek in the credit system (in the capital bearing interest and fictitious capital) one of the forms of countertendency to the fall of the profit rate. However, by compensating with interest rates what the capitalists cannot accomplish in production, such a way of facing the crisis prepares (or postures) increasingly serious crises, because due to the increase in fictitious capital, interest rates are distancing from what is produced in the productive sphere 6 . However, this generates at the same time a need to reorganize the productive sphere in order to pay these capital. That is, “the intensification of financial flows and the recurrent profitability of it does not have a mere quantitative dimension. It is also a qualitative change in view that it causes pressure by the expansion of the extraction bases of surplus-value” (BRETTAS, 2017, page 63). This dynamic ends up being strengthened by fiscal adjustment and by increasingly acute counter-reforms. Starting from the understanding that expropriations are a permanent and growing demand for the self-expansion of capital and not just a moment of original accumulation, we assume that the engine of accumulation is the dialectical relationship between expropriation and exploitation. However, expropriations are deepened at certain moments of reorganization of economic and social reproduction, in the face of crises and the need for recomposition of profit rates, when “new modalities are necessary for the withdrawal of the means of guarantee of the workforce other than the 5 According to Behring (2012), the assumption of this movement is based on the intention to accelerate the rotation time of capital by mobilizing huge amounts of resources. 6 Marx points out in chapter 27 of Book III, where it deals with the role of credit in capitalist production, that capitalism has the “need for credit to make the compensation of the rate of profit or the movement of this equalization, on which all capitalist production rests” (page 493), and it also shows that credit, in addition to accelerating the process of capital reproduction, also allows “a longer separation of acts of purchase and sale, serves as the basis for speculation” (p. 494). However, by accelerating the development of productive forces worldwide, credit accelerates the antagonistic character of capitalist production, and “at the same time accelerates the violent eruptions of this contradiction, the crises” (page 499). © 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue III Version I 27 Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 ( )E Expropriation of Rights, Dependent Capitalism and Transfer of Income: Reflections on the Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic