Global Journal of Human Social Science, F: Political Science, Volume 22 Issue 5

economic resources. Notably, the British had established two separate administrations, a progressive and commercial one in the north and a rudimentary and rather dysfunctional one in the South. The north’s monopoly over the country’s wealth persisted, and was indeed exacerbated, after Sudan’s declaration of independence from Britain in 1956 (Grawert, 2008, Caspersen & Stansfield 2011). Emboldened by their superior economic status, the ‘Arabs’ in Khartoum sought to consolidate their ascendancy by imposing their Islamic culture and legal traditions on non-Arab and non-Muslim populations in the peripheral regions of the country. Southern Sudan, largely possessing a distinctive non-Arab culture, mobilized an armed resistance, the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), against the ‘Arab Center’s’ marginalization. This grass- roots militia and civilian-based movement fought for a unified, discrimination-free Sudan in a civil war that lasted 17 years, until the signing of the Addis Ababa agreement in 1972 granting limited autonomy to the south (Collins 2010). After 10 years of relative peace, Islamist fundamentalism resurged in the north under the Nimeiri military dictatorship, and the central government’s persistent violation of the autonomy agreement reached at Addis Ababa reignited the civil war. This time, however, the south did not demand an end to discrimination but, instead, fought for complete independence. The second civil war lasted until 2005, culminating in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), which re-established the south’s autonomy until a referendum on independence could be held 11 years later. In January 2011, southern Sudan voted with a 99% majority to secede from the north, resulting in the definitive partitioning of country effective on July 9th of that same year, and the admission of South Sudan into the United Nations three days later (Grawert, 2008; Collins 2010). Finally, president Barrack Obama declared that the United States formally recognized the Republic of South Sudan as a sovereign and independent state on July 9, 2011. This followed the historic January referendum on self-determination for Southern Sudan, demonstrating full implementation of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the North and South. a) The Historic Unrecognized or Partially Recognized States with De Facto Control over their Territory in Africa These lists of historic unrecognized or partially recognized states or governments in Africa give an overview of extinct geopolitical entities in Africa that wished to be recognized as sovereign states, but did not enjoy worldwide diplomatic recognition. The entries listed here had de facto control over their claimed territory and were self-governing with a desire for full independence, or if they lacked such control over their territory, were recognized by at least one other recognized nation. The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to that of the list of states with limited recognition in Africa. To be included here, a polity in Africa must have claimed statehood, lacked recognition from at least one state, and either; had a population and an organized government with a capacity to enter into relations with other states; or had de facto control over a territory or a significant portion of the territory of an otherwise recognized sovereign state; or have been recognized as a state by at least one other state. Table 1: List of Historical Unrecognized States in Africa Name Period Today Notes Azawad 2012 Recognise d as pa rt of Mali, con trolled by An sar Dine Controlled territory in North ern Mali, it wasn't recognized by any state Biafra 1967–1970 Part of Nigeria Controlled territory i n eastern Nigeria, recognized by five states (Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, Zambia) Anjouan 1997–2002, 2008 Now pa rt of Comoros Joined with the Comoros then seceded twice to gain independence. Anjouan rejoined the Comoros after talks during the first secession. After the second event, the secessionist government was forcefully removed. Bophuth atswana, Ciskei, Transkei, Venda 1977–1994, 1981–1994, 1976–1994, 1979–1994 Now all part of South Africa Former a partheid B antustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa. Israel extended marginal recognition to Bophuthatswana and Ciskei by allowing both polities to build trade missions in Tel Aviv Jubaland 1998–2001 Now part of Southwestern So malia Briefly declared independence in 1998 it rejoined the Transitional Federal Go vernment in 2001. Katanga 1960–1964 Part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Controlled the state of the same name within the former Belgia n C ongo after decol onisation Mohéli 1997–1998 Now part of Comoros Seceded in 1997 but quietly rejoined the next year. Rhodesia 1965–1979 Now Zimbabwe British Colony that unilaterally declared independence © 2022 Global Journals Volume XXII Issue V Version I 46 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2022 F International Law and the Politics of Diplomatic Recognition of States and Government: Crtical Discuss