Global Journal of Human Social Science, F: Political Science, Volume 23 Issue 6

efficiency as a critical task; and (4) Ensuring the socialist nature of economic reform processes. Cuba still maintains the planned economic model, but there are many changes and more appropriate, practical, compelling directions. Accordingly, first, create a larger environment for forms of ownership and non-socialist production, business. Second, make the most of the possibilities to rectify, reorganize and consolidate the public ownership regime, consistently not turning to privatization. Third, add new nancial balances and macroeconomic tools to the thinking, practice of economic and business management. In the field of foreign affairs, after the Cold War, Cuba gradually established and expanded diplomatic relations with most countries in the world, and actively participated in many globally and regional international organizations. Cuba prioritizes developing all-round relations with socialist countries in Asia (China, Vietnam, Laos, North Korea); restore and diversify relationships (especially economic relations) with Russia and Eastern European countries (even though they no longer follow a socialist regime). Cuba also regained its role and strengthened relations with neighboring countries and Latin American countries, and that became favorable when in the first decade and a half of the 21st century, most governments of Latin American countries were led by leftist forces. In December 2004, Cuba founded and is a vital, crucial member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) - an alliance of many left-wing countries in Latin America. Cuba also has a unique, particular political, economic and social relationship with Venezuela when the left took power in the country from 1998 to present. In relations with the West, Cuba made a vital, a critical development when normalizing relations with Western European countries based on the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement signed with the European Union (UE) in March 2016. Cuba still maintains a determined struggle but responds flexibly to the US embargo policy that has changed over the years of presidents. Under President Bill Clinton (1993-2000) and President Bush Jr. (2001- 2008), the United States increased the embargo on Cuba by implementing the Torricelli Act (issued in 1992) and Helms-Burton (1996). Under President Barack Obama (2009-2016), this policy was significantly relaxed, so that from July 2015, the two countries restored diplomatic relations and opened embassies in each other's capitals. However, under President Donald Trump (2017-2020), the policy of siege and embargo was applied again. The administration of President Joe Biden, who took over at the beginning of 2021, has continued to apply and even extend the embargo and strengthen sanctions since, Cuba suppressed of the protest movement in the second half of 2021. In recent years, the Cuban context has had some important changes, typically the promulgating of the new Constitution in April 2019 and the 8th Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba in April 2021. The Constitution 2019 replaced the Constitution 1976 (and amendments and supplements in 1992 and 2002), with many new regulations: (1) Recognizing private property and creating a freer market; (2) Prohibit discrimination based on gender, race, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability (this is the regulation that led to the legalization of same-sex marriage); (3) Ensure women's reproductive and sexual rights and protect women from gender-based violence; (4) Defining marriage as creating a social and legal organization (a family with at least 2 members); (5) Allowing to hold/hold multiple nationalities; (6) Restore the presumption of innocence and suspension of detention in the judicial system (these provisions were last enshrined in the 1940 Constitution); (7) Identify the importance of climate and its threats; (8) Establish a separate individual position of President (previously this position was called Chairman of the State Council and was part of the collective State Council) and a separate individual position of Prime Minister (previously called the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, concurrently held by the Chairman of the State Council); (9) Establish age limits for candidacy and number of terms for the position of President (The President cannot hold power for more than 2 terms and must be no more than 60 years old when first running for election); (10) Transfer the authority of the head of the State Council to the Chairman of the National Assembly (from now on, the Chairman of the National Assembly is also the Chairman of the State Council and the State Council is the standing agency of the National Assembly); (11) Establishment of a provincial council consisting of provincial and city leaders; (12) The positions of provincial chairman and mayor (in charge of executive duties) are supplemented and separated from the position of chairman of the provincial and city councils (previously, the concurrent position of chairman of the provincial and city councils, responsible for both the legislature and the executive); (13) The President and Vice President of a province or city appointed by the President must be approved by the provincial or city government; and (14) Expand the term of district council delegates to 5 years (previously 2.5 years). In the middle of April 2021, the 8th Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba occurred. The Congress passed resolutions as the basis for the country's development in the current and upcoming periods: (1) Political report of the Congress; (2) Ideological political functions and activities, and relationships with the masses; (3) Personnel policy; (4) Update the conceptualization of the Cuban socialist socio-economic development model; and (5) Guidelines for updating the socio-economic development model for the period 2021-2026. In particular, through this Congress, Cuba's © 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue VI Version I 2 Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 ( ) F Cuba - 30 Years of Innovation and Socialist Goals