Global Journal of Human Social Science, F: Political Science, Volume 23 Issue 6

throughout since then, it has focused on two primary areas: the economic embargo on Cuba (since February 7, 1962) and support for exiled Cuban reactionary organizations to sabotage and overthrow the Cuban government. After more than half a century of tension, due to the needs of both Cuba and the United States, by the second term of US President Obama (2013-2016), relations between the two countries were more open and peaceful. In June 2013, the two sides agreed to promote an 18-month secret negotiation round (with the mediation of Canada and the Vatican). On December 17, 2014, Cuba and the United States normalized relations, ending half a century of confrontation. In April 2015, the United States removed Cuba from the list of “terrorist countries”. In July 2015, the two countries opened embassies in each other's capitals. In March 2016, the US President visited Cuba for the first time after the 1959 revolution. In 2016, the US also abstained for the first time in voting to lift the embargo on Cuba at the United Nations General Assembly (previous times, all voted against it). During the two years 2015-2016, the two countries signed 22 cooperation agreements in the fields of anti-terrorism and drug trafficking, anti- informatics crime, sharing experiences in cancer treatment, oil spill prevention cooperation, security, and maritime cooperation (Vietnam News Agency, 2017)... The United States loosened many trade embargoes and eliminated some restrictions on money transfers, travel, customs, maritime regulations... for Cuba. The United States also limits, suspends, or completely stops many types of support for exiled Cuban reactionary organizations opposing the Cuban government (especially organizations based in the United States). However, immediately after taking office in January 2017, new US President Donald Trump decided to tighten the embargo on Cuba and support exiled reactionary organizations opposing the Cuban government. The Trump administration has introduced and applied 243 additional economic embargoes on Cuba (My, 2022) and many incentives and funding for organizations that sabotage the Cuban government. The trade embargo during the last 20 months of Trump's term (April 2019-December 2020) caused a loss of 9.1 billion USD to Cuba (Nga, 2021). On January 12, 2021, at the end of the Trump administration's term, the US State Department added Cuba to the “list of countries sponsoring terrorism”, along with warnings about control and severe sanctions that the United States will impose. Although candidate Joe Biden, when running for US president in 2020, promised to lift restrictions on Cuba, when he took power on January 20, 2021, Biden did not do so and continued to maintain the restrictions, policies, and embargo measures against Cuba of the previous Trump administration. In June 2021, the Biden administration continued its tradition of voting against the annual United Nations General Assembly resolution calling for an end to the US economic embargo on Cuba (this is the resolution passed for the first time). 29th with an absolute majority of 184 votes in favor, with only three abstentions and two against (the United States and Israel). Immediately after the large protest of the Isidro Movement against the Cuban government in mid-July 2021, President Biden declared his dissatisfaction with how the Cuban government handled and suppressed the government and promised to increase support for dissidents in Cuba. At the same time, he also introduced sanctions against a series of Cuban officials who once commanded, ordered repression of protesters, and loosened policies on immigrants from Cuba for political reasons. As a result, by the end of 2021 alone, about 300,000 Cubans (that is, nearly 3% of the country's population) had evacuated to the United States (Hang, 2023), many of them due to discontent and opposition against the Cuban government. In mid-May 2022, the United States lifted a series of restrictive measures and embargoes against Cuba, typically 3 issues. First, the Biden administration re-established the Cuban family reunification program that was discontinued many years ago, accelerating visa issuance. Second, remove the limit on money transfers to Cuba: during the Trump administration, each person in the United States could only send back to Cuba a maximum of 1,000 USD per quarter - this limit will now end. Third, develop aviation relations, sharply increase flights between the United States and Cuba. However, soon after, on May 20, 2022, the Biden administration added Cuba to the list of a few countries in the world considered “not fully cooperating” in the fight against terrorism. The embargo policy against Cuba will still be extended in 2022 and 2023 (the US embargo policy is developed, suspended, or canceled by the government of this country... once a year, usually in September each year). IV. P rospects, O rientation, and R oom for D evelopment of C uba Looking at the process of building socialism, the reform process in Cuba over the past 30 years, and the typical direct impact factors, we can see Cuba's prospects, orientation, and development potential: First, insist on the sole and comprehensive rule of the Communist Party of Cuba and build a socialist regime with Cuban identity. Specifically: (1) Strengthen, specifically, legalize the rule of the Communist Party and the single-party leadership regime in Cuba. Article 5 of the new Constitution 2019 recognizes this issue, but it is still general. It is necessary to promulgate additional laws and sub-law documents to concretize, and there should also be appropriate and essential explanations when the Election Law The current election in Cuba © 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue VI Version I 9 Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 ( ) F Cuba - 30 Years of Innovation and Socialist Goals