Global Journal of Human Social Science, F: Political Science, Volume 23 Issue 6

2008) and Bakhtine (1984 apud Bronckart 2008). According to the authors, discourse is both a means to understand and represent the world and a tool for sociocultural change. Thus, discourse has a dynamic character. That is why we can define discourse as a sociological means (Volochinov 1929-30) resulting from the sum of culturally and historically situated utterances. That is because the discourse is conditioned by and represents the context of a particular epoch. This feature enables us to identify the ideology present at a specific historical moment. It also allows the subject to act socially through conscious linguistic intervention when shaping the discourse. Volochinov points out that ideology at the enunciative level can be especially significant when observing syntactic constructions since the utterance is sociologically structured. In this case, the introduction of citations into the enunciative act affects both the syntax at the enunciation level and the content through the symbolism they convey, thus influencing the sense of the utterance and the emotional impact it can trigger. This analysis aims to show how a particular rhetorical resource, the quotation, plays a crucial role in the ideological construction of discourse. We argue that this is where we can find much of the ideologic and symbolic content aimed at building or reinforcing the ethos of a target community while activating pathos . In other words, they arouse empathy in the target audience. That is because ideology is not only a conceptual system but also has a material manifestation (Althusser 1971) that we can grasp through a discursive and, particularly, textual analysis. According to the above, since ideology is present in discursive practices, it is subject to change for historical, cultural, and social reasons. As it is precisely in discursive practices where there is a constant negotiation over the meaning of symbols, i.e., linguistic signs (Volochinov 1929-30), we decided to structure our dialogical analysis mainly based on Maingueneau's theoretical proposals (2002a, 2007, 2012). The author addresses the topic of discourse and discursive genres by distinguishing between different discourse types depending on the sphere of use, namely political, religious, and others. Within each discursive type, a distinction is also drawn between instituted and authorial discursive genres (Maingueneau 2002a:321) 5 On one hand, to Maingueneau, established genres depend on context and situation of production, namely the global scene (Maingueneau 1993). On the . In the case under study, the discourse type is political, whereas the discursive genre is "instituted" because there is no direct or immediate interaction (political speech or post). 5 As part of the "instituted genres," the author includes authorial and routine genres (Maingueneau 1999), formerly two separate groups, the latter being monologue-based. other hand, each established genre, depending on the institution where the communicative act takes place, features a specific generic scene or a prototypical model. Consequently, the locutor has at its own disposal a series of standardized structures, a script (Maingueneau 2002a), to develop the enunciation according to a specific scene of enunciation. However, the enunciative act is not solely the result of the socio- discursive constraints established by the scene of enunciation within a given discursive genre. The locutor enjoys a certain degree of creativity we can spot when analyzing certain linguistic elements of the scenography (Maingueneau 1998), namely of the text, such as the quotes. In light of the above, we shall begin our analysis describing the scene of enunciation and its components (Maingueneau 1998): global scene, generic scene, and scenography. Next, we will outline the quotations featured in the scenography, focusing on two essential aspects. Firstly, we will emphasize the transtextual and polyphonic nature of the quotes. Secondly, we will reflect on the potential impact of their use in the ideological construction of a collective and individual ethos as a means for activating pathos and triggering social action. As far as the transtextual nature is concerned, we recall that citations are an example of the phenomenon of transtextuality described by Genette (ch. I Palimpsestes , 1982). The author considers it an inherent phenomenon in all texts since every text belongs to a textual tradition from which it retains certain aspects and modifies others. Historicity, hence, plays a decisive role in textual structure. In this regard, Genette defined five types of transtextual relationships, among which we stress the relevance of intertextuality (Kristeva 1969; Barthes 1973-1974) 6 Quotation as a phenomenon of manifest intertextuality stands for dialogical socio-discursive continuity, for when it appears in a current text, it establishes a connection to existing texts from a historical and cultural point of view. Thus, each text is part of a continuum, of a tradition to which it legitimates and to which the text contributes. Due to the nature of or the co-presence of two or more texts. To characterize intertextuality, the authors Authier-Revuz (1982) and Maingueneau (1987) proposed a further distinction that we consider relevant. They distinguish between manifest intertextuality, occurring when the words of a third party get transmitted through quotations or allusions within a specific text, and constitutive intertextuality, involving a text sharing elements with other earlier or later texts. 6 Kristeva (1986:36) also distinguishes between two dimensions of intertextuality: one horizontal, existing between the text and other previous or subsequent texts with which it forms a chain; the other vertical, between a specific text and other texts, more or less contemporary or distant in time susceptible of being interpreted as contexts for a particular text. © 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue VI Version I 16 Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 ( ) F The Discursive Construction of Republicanism through the Quotes of the President of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia after the 2017 Self-Determination Referendum. The Case of President Joaquim Torra I Pla