Global Journal of Human Social Science, F: Political Science, Volume 23 Issue 6

this research, we will focus on the study of manifest intertextuality, so we will not cover the study of other relations of transtextuality, even if present in the sample. As mentioned earlier, quotes are not only a transtextual phenomenon but also a polyphonic one. The polyphonic nature of quoting was already the subject of consideration by Volochinov (1929). He addressed the authorial discourses and the discourses of others in literary works, showing the difficulties in delimiting, from a syntactic perspective, the boundaries between direct and indirect discourses (in the grammatical sense). Volochinov realized that the characterization of discourse types between the mode (grammatical) and the modality (stylistic) is unclear, sometimes overlapping. In an attempt to solve the issue of analyzing constructions in indirect discourse, he proposed a distinction between two modalities: thematic-analytical and analytical-discursive. In the first modality, the author reproduces the other person's words objectively, using the stylistic resource of quotation. Meanwhile, in the second modality, the author creates a character that includes the author's assessments from a more subjective perspective. The latter acts as an utterer presenting its point of view. Nevertheless, from our perspective, a quote in the political discursive genre, despite being objectified, would fall under the analytical-discursive modality. The main reason is that this character stands for an utterer other than the locutor that conveys a concrete point of view, generally shared with the locutor. In this way, we approach the study of quotations as manifestations of a common point of view. As for the relationship between locutor and enunciators, we base our analysis on the theoretical approach of Rabatel (1998, 2007, 2012). The author theorized about the textualization of POV, distinguishing a set of enunciators who appear in texts. Those enunciators may or may not share the author-locutor’s POV. The enunciators that the locutor activates along the enunciative act represent a textual manifestation of his creativity. These enunciators inscribe various POVs (Rabatel 1998, 2007, 2012) in the texts through which the locutor enriches the scenography (Maingueneau 1998). Moreover, the set formed by the present POVs reveals the POV of the locutor and is part of the constitution of the discursive ethos (Maingueneau 2002b; Charaudeau 2008, 2009). The importance of this analysis rests on the author-locutor's ability to create a text capable of gaining audience support through an identification process with the discursive ethos the locutor can shape. The more POVs the author considers, the more opportunities there are to reach a broader and more diverse audience. The locutor accomplishes it by choosing a variety of enunciators. For this reason, we seek to identify the nature of the relationship between the enunciators (quotes from the authors) and the author-locutor. As a polyphonic phenomenon, the quotation not only introduces into the enunciative act the POV and symbolic charge of the new enunciator, the author of the quote but also adds the symbolic value of the sociocultural context of its earlier production. The POV expressed by this enunciator often represents a projection of the enunciator-locutor's own POV, which seizes on the symbolic charge of both the quote and its original author and sociocultural context to adopt their attributes and create a discursive ethos that benefits the locutor's political and social interests. The strategy used in practice is to compare two situations and apply the previously proposed solution or POV to the current situation. As for ethos , defined in the Aristotelian sense of character, Maingueneau (2002b) considers that persuasiveness results from the audience identifying the speaker as a member of the same ethos . Thus, to be successful, the locutor must adapt his discourse to the audience's ethos . In this way, the author proposes to distinguish between the discursive ethos that develops during the enunciative act and the prediscursive ethos that results from the effect that a pre-existing ethos of the locutor at the beginning of the enunciative act can have on the creation of expectations on the part of the audience. For this reason, Maingueneau (2012) highlights that, especially in aphorization, the locutor adopts the ethos of the author of the citation. As a result, the locutor benefits from the public projection of the author's image, the discursive ethos . In other words, he assumes a particular moral or legal height that is universal in nature. Therefore, the POV conveyed by the quotation has a sententious character. In the recently developed theory by Maingueneau (2012) on “textless sentences ” 7 7 Concerning textless sentences, the author differentiates between two types: « (1) celles qui sont inséparables d’un support non-verbal, (2) les autres.» (Maingueneau 20013:101). «L’énonciation aphorisante, ou aphorisation, se divise elle-même en aphorisations «primaires» (non détachée d’un texte) et «secondaires» (détachées d’un texte).» (Maingueneau 2013:100) i.e.: "primaires" (devises, slogans, maximes...) ou "secondaires" (extraites de textes: titres, petites phrases, citations célèbres...)» Maingueneau (2012, author’s website version). or “detachable utterance / detached utterance,” based on the concept of aphorization, the author explains that this is a polyphonic phenomenon involving the existence of an enunciator acting as a Subject. The result of this aphorization can be either an “aphorizing utterance or a textualizing utterance”: «[…] l'énonciation aphorisante est inévitablement intégrée à une énonciation textualisante. L'aphoriseur prend de la hauteur, il libère l'ethos d'un homme autorisé, au contact d'une Source transcendante, de valeurs au-delà des interactions et des argumentations. L'aphorisation implique un énonciateur qui se pose en Sujet ; réciproquement, un Sujet se manifeste comme tel par sa possibilité d'aphoriser.» Maingueneau (2012) © 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue VI Version I 17 Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 ( ) F The Discursive Construction of Republicanism through the Quotes of the President of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia after the 2017 Self-Determination Referendum. The Case of President Joaquim Torra I Pla