Global Journal of Human Social Science, F: Political Science, Volume 23 Issue 6

life of the origin country by way of attractive and functional political, civil, or social offers, access to social and moral resources, and the strengthening of their potential. The migrants’ input into the origin country’s development, on the other hand, is achieved through monetary transfers and investments” (Donu, 2018, p.435). Experts identify several stages of evolution of Moldovan policy in the field of migration and diaspora. These are characterized by different goals, and objects and subjects of action Mosneaga, 2017). The first stage (1990-1994) : Its essence can be characterized as “Migration and security”. At this stage migration was viewed and regulated in the context of security, protection of the local population from uncontrolled mass immigration to the Republic of Moldova from other regions in post-Soviet space. The legal and institutional framework in the field of migration begins to form at this stage. In 1990 the law “On migration” was adopted. In 1994 the Constitution of the Republic of Moldova enshrined the right of citizens for free entry to, and exit from Moldova (art.27), which was further detailed in the laws “On entry to and departure from the Republic of Moldova” (1994) and “On the legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Republic of Moldova” (1994). The regulation of migration flows was assigned to the Department for Migration of the Ministry of Labor, Social Protection and Family. The second stage (1995-2000): Migration continued to be viewed through the prism of security, however the subject was changed. The state shifted its focus from protecting the entire Moldovan population to protecting Moldovan labor migrants that are staying abroad legally. However, during this period the majority of Moldovan migrants were irregulars and the Moldovan state failed to find common ground with its European partners. As such, the goals established at this period were not achieved. The legal framework for labor migration management was developed at this stage. Readmission agreements were signed within the framework of international collaboration. These established the procedures of mutual return of irregulars to their country of origin, or to the transit country through which they arrived. The institution regulating migration was still the Department for Migration of the Ministry of Labor, Social Protection and Family. The third stage (2001-2006): In spite of the continued view of migration through the prism of security, the main goal of this period became the protection of both legal and illegal Moldovan migrants. The legislative framework in the field of migration was improved: the Concept for migration policy (2002) was adopted, as well as the laws “On migration” (2002), “On preventing and combating human trafficking” (2005), and others. Bilateral and multilateral agreements on collaboration in the field of labor migration were signed, international documents on the protection of labor migrants’ and refugees’ rights were ratified. Changes were made to the institutional framework in the field of migration. In 2001 the State Migration Service was established, in 2002 – the Department for Migration of the Republic of Moldova, and in 2005 – the National Bureau for Migration. This period was marked with the beginning of collaboration with Moldovan associations abroad. Starting with 2004 the Bureau for Interethnic Relations begins organizing Moldovan Diaspora Congresses in Chisinau. The fourth stage (2006-2012): This stage’s essence can be identified as “Migration and development”, as for the first time the goal of Moldovan migration policy was to include migration into the larger scope of the country’s sustainable development. Migration policy began to be viewed as a component of social policies; it became subordinate to national priorities and prospects of the country’s sustainable development. The legal and juridical framework ofmigration management continued to evolve: the laws “On labor migration” (2008), “On asylum in the Republic of Moldova” (2008), “On the status of foreign citizens” (2010), the National strategy in the field of migration and asylum (2011-2020), the various plans of action for the implementation of the adopted legal acts, and other documents were adopted. In the framework of international collaboration, various bilateral agreements in the field of labor migration and social protection were signed. The purpose of these was to define citizens’ rights to travel between countries and to fully benefit from social protection. In 2009-2011 readmission agreements were signed with fourteen EU member-states, and with five non-EU states. The Republic of Moldova – European Union Plan of action for the liberalization of the visa regime (2011) was adopted, etc. Programs in the field of migration and diaspora began to be implemented within the context of EU initiatives. The primary state institution charged with regulating diaspora issues, starting with the second half of 2006, became the Bureau of Migration and Asylum of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. During the period the mandate in the field of diaspora was also held by the Ministry of Labor, Social Protection and Family of the Republic of Moldova (Vremis et al, p.204-208). In 2012 a specialized institution – the Diaspora Relations Bureau (BRD) – was established within the State Chancellery. The fifth stage (2013 - present): The essence of this stage is still “Migration and development”, but unlike in the previous stage, the primary goal now is to support © 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue VI Version I 47 Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 ( ) F The Transformation of Moldovan Migrant Communities into the Moldovan Diaspora in the European Union: The Main Directions and Mechanisms