Global Journal of Human Social Science, F: Political Science, Volume 23 Issue 6

The grants in the program can sum up to 250 000 MDL. In this regard, the state acts, on the one hand, as a donor, and on the other, as a partner for diaspora members. The priorities of PARE 1+1 encompass the following fields: establishment and development of businesses in the rural area; increasing the level of awareness among labor migrants and monetary transfer beneficiaries in the Republic of Moldova concerning the possibilities of developing one's business in the country of origin; increasing the entrepreneurial skills of labor migrants and monetary transfer beneficiaries; stimulating the establishment and development of small and medium enterprises; facilitating labor migrants' and monetary transfer beneficiaries' access to financial resources; creation of new workplaces; employment of new technologies, transfer of know-how, innovations (Baltag, Burdelnîi, 2022, p.39). Within the framework of the program support was offered to 739 enterprises and 1815 business- initiatives were co-financed; 2649 received specialized training; a total sum of 367.67 million MDL were offered in funds; 1080.15 million MDL were invested into the economy; 564 labor migrants were offered assistance in returning home (Baltag, et al, p.30). It should be noted that more than half of all PARE 1+1 program beneficiaries are enterprises managed by migrants' relatives. On the one hand, this can indicate that the labor migrants might eventually return home. On the other, the established enterprises represent a type of investment into the migrants' country of origin with the purpose of obtaining an additional income (Vicol, Pistrinciuc, 2021). Almost half of all entrepreneurs (49%) in the Program are young people below the age of 35, 84% of the beneficiaries reside outside of Chisinau, 32% of the participants are women (571 enterprises were established and/ or are managed by women), 61% work in European Union countries (ODIMM, 2020). The government of the Republic of Moldova strives to include all the different segments of the diaspora, for which reason it developed a number of programs in the fields of gender equality and youth. In 2016 the Ministry of Economic Development launched the «Women in business» program, which is directed at reducing gender inequality and at developing women's entrepreneurship, especially in the rural areas. Within this Program's framework 614 contracts received financing, a sum of 89.47 million MDL were approved as grants; 138.83 million MDL were invested into the economy, and more than 2000 new workplaces were created (Baltag, et al, p.30). With the purpose of retention of youths in Moldova, especially in the rural areas, its integration into the country's economy by way of supporting the development of entrepreneurial skills, in 2009 the Organization for Small and Medium Enterprises Sector Development (ODIMM) launched a special program for young people aged between 18 and 35, called “Start for Youth: a stable enterprise at home”. Within this program's framework 400 young people obtained access to grant financing in sums of up to 180 thousand MDL, and more than 1700 young people received entrepreneurial training and consulting on the process of investment project development (Young, 2022). Another Moldovan government program oriented at the younger generation of the Moldovan diaspora abroad is the DOR (Diaspor ă *Origini*Reveniri) program. Its goals are to increase awareness among the second generation of migrants on the cultural identity, national traditions and values, as well as to establish emotional ties between the Republic of Moldova and the young members of the diaspora. Over the course of 2013-2023, more than 1000 children and young people aged between 12 and 16 from more than 25 countries, including Moldova, took part in the DOR program. However, despite the Moldovan government institutions' attempts to popularize national culture, values, and traditions among the second generation of Moldovan migrants, the limited number of participants in the Program speaks of a low interest on the part of Moldovan citizens abroad. For the most part this is tied to the fact that the majority of Moldovan migrants are oriented at fully integrating themselves into the host country's society, and as such, most of their efforts are directed toward this goal. With the financial support of the Swiss agency for development and collaboration, at the start of 2016 the Bureau for Diaspora Relations and the International Organization for Migration launched the themed-grants program “Diaspora Engagement Hub” for Moldovan citizens residing abroad. Starting with 2020, beside the foreign aid, the Program is also funded out of the Moldovan budget. The purpose of the Program is to support and motivate members of the Moldovan diaspora to realize their ideas in Moldova, thus utilizing the diaspora's human and professional capital. In order to support the associative environment of the diaspora for the development of lingual, cultural, and emotional ties with the Republic of Moldova, ten educational diaspora centers in seven countries, including in five EU countries (Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, France) and in the UK were established as part of the program's framework. The establishment of educational centers in the diaspora implies study of the Romanian language, of Moldovan culture, traditions and customs by the second generation of Moldovan migrants. Another Moldovan government program directed at utilizing the human and financial potential of the diaspora for the country's socio-economic development is the Diaspora Acas ă Reu ș e ș te (DAR) © 2023 Global Journals Volume XXIII Issue VI Version I 49 Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 ( ) F The Transformation of Moldovan Migrant Communities into the Moldovan Diaspora in the European Union: The Main Directions and Mechanisms 1+3 program, which is being implemented since 2019