Global Journal of Human Social Science, G: Linguistics and Education, Volume 21 Issue 4

personified by the planet Venus, visible also in the evening and therefore called vesper star. As already mentioned in the considerations about the chrononym day , some peoples understood that the sunset marked the beginning of the new day, considering therefore, the first hours after sunset were considered the following day. Similarly, the word vesper , or the day before is also associated with dusk coming from the root PIE wesperos (WATKINS, 2011). e) Night In contrast to the day (light part), the night is the period in which a hemisphere of the Earth, due to its rotation movement, finds itself without the reflection of sunlight. Noctem from Latin and night in English have their origins from Greek nux, ( νυξ ), nuktos ( νυκτοσ ) which means night/darkness. The PIE root nek-t- (black, black, dark, gloomy) is present in words such as nictophobia (fear of night or darkness) and equinox (Aequus - equal and nox, noctis - night) to designate the phenomenon of day and night having the same duration. In this context, yesterday in a Latin expression is ad noctem, that is, last night, The PIE root: dhgh (y) es, according to Watkins, is derived from the nominal stem gho- added to the word dyes - day, forming (dh) ghester - yester plus day raising the word yesterday to mean the past day. f) Week The week (lat. Septimana) computed in a seven-day cycle has been a legacy of the Hebrew people since long before the planetary week was agreed. The British Encyclopedia says: The week is a period of seven days, having no reference whatever to the celestial motions, a circumstance to which it owes its unalterable uniformity. Although it did not enter into the calendar of the Greeks, and was not introduced at Rome till after the reign of Theodosius, it has been employed from time immemorial in almost all eastern countries; and as it forms neither an aliquot part of the year nor of the lunar month, those who reject the Mosaic recital will be at a loss, as Delambre remarks, to assign it to an origin having much semblance of probability. Available. at: https://archive.org/ details/encyclopaediabri04chisrich. For Babylonians and Greeks, astronomy had been a focus of interest since its inception. While observing the firmament closely, at a time when the lights of large cities did not overshadow the sidereal nocturnal spectacle, they performed calculations that, from the perspective on Earth, led them to understand the apparent distance between the seven stars visible on the cosmic screen conventionalizing the sequence Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury and Moon. The Babylonian mythological influence, which saw planets as deities, as well as the advances of Greek Mathematics and Astronomy establish the paradigm under which favorable conditions were created to designate the names of these seven celestial bodies, one for each day of the weekly cycle. With the day division into 24 hours, Egypt devoted each hour to a certain star, so, the day was named after the one to whom referred to his first hour. When the cycle was completed, the eighth day should be Saturn’s again, because, for them, this was when the week was supposed to start, differently from the Hebrews, who named the days of the week with ordinal numerals, and Saturday was the last day. There are, in several languages of the world, as can be attested below, vestigial evidence of the influence of these two forms with which, the days of the week were named, that are, the numerical and the planetary. In both, religious reasons are involved. Board 1: The names of the days of the week in some languages Portuguese Hebrew Latim English German Spanish Saxon Domingo Yom rishon (1º) Solis Dies Sunday Sonntag Domingo Sun’s Day Segunda-feira Yom sheni (2º) Lunae Dies Monday Montag Lunis Moon’s Day Terça-feira Yom shlishi (3º) Martis Dies Tuesday Dienstag Martes Twi’s Day Quarta-feira Yom revi’i (4º) Mercurii Dies Wednesday Mittwoch Miércoles Wonden’s Day Quinta-feira Yom hamishi (5º) Jovis Dies Thursday Donnerstag Jueves Thor’ Day Sexta-feira Yom shishi (6º) Veneris Dies Friday Freytag Viernes Friga’s day Sábado Shabbat Saturni Dies Saturday Samstag Sábado Saterne’s Day As far as the planetarium is concerned, Greco- Roman pantheism associated the Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn with their deities, since it was thought that deities ruled the planets. There was also a parity of the gods in the processes of transculturation. For example, in Saxon, Tiw, Woden, Thor, and Friga were equivalent to Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus respectively. © 2021 Global Journals Volume XXI Issue IV Version I 28 ( G ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2021 Chrononyms and the Time Identity