Global Journal of Human Social Science, G: Linguistics and Education, Volume 23 Issue 8

full CAT software (translation memory, terminology management, tag editing, aligner), Web page editors, a terminology-mining tool, a terminology-management software, a project-management software and a personal portal from which to link with useful sites. After setting up shop as a freelancer, what invoicing modes are suggested? d) Invoicing modes Gouadec suggests that translators charge their clients on a word count basis, an hourly or per diem basis depending on how the clients are used to being charged. Alternative suggestions made by the author include levying a minimum flat rate service charge for any translation, working out the cost on the basis of specific rates for all the different operations or tasks in the overall translation process (documentation, terminography, quality checks, layout, etc.), counting as additional work any task undertaken over and above those related to the translation process proper (e.g. correcting the source material, having another translator proof-read the translation, aligning texts and translations, setting up a translation memory, etc.). Some work providers pay a flat rate per page. The point is that some pages are full while others are almost empty. Organisations such as ECOWAS, ITUC- Africa, and BOAD used to have a fixed rate that they paid per page. While the average cost of professional translation services can range as low as $0.08 to $0.28 per word, the final cost will be based on the number of services required for the project. Below are the UN daily rates for free-lance translators, effective 1 July 2020, based on the 2013 CEB/AITC Agreement. Daily Rates as of 01/07/2020 (in US Dollars) Daily Rates in US Dollars UN Rate/Step World With social security No social security T-1/P-1/1 309 293 T-2/P-2/1 391 370 T-3/P-3/1 471 447 T-4/P-4/1 569 539 T-5/P-5/1 682 646 This UN daily rate should be a reference for all translators and employers in Africa. Equally important in this discussion is the issue of translation technology. e) Translation technology i. CAT Tools Nowadays translation involves the use of technologies such as word processing, desktop- publishing software, translation memory management systems, search engines, computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, text aligners, Web site design tools, Web editors, and many more. Gouadec says that translators need to be familiar with different computer environments and platforms and their resumes should mention several skills with a list of IT tools and techniques. In addition to the traditional translation softwares and translation memories such as TRADOS, memoQ, and Concordance, Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has been developed since 2017 in collaboration with Google. NMT has drastically improved the quality, syntax, fluency, and accuracy of machine translation. It translates at high speed and is user-friendly. It uses an artificial neural network, i.e. artificial intelligence. No human intervention is needed in NMT. In connection with this technological breakthrough, Isabelle Doucet of Université Laval in Canada published a paper titled « Quelle place pour le numérique dans la formation en traduction? » in nouvelles.ulaval.ca on May 19th, 2022. In this paper, she poses the following critical question on neural machine translation: Est-ce que l'IA mettra les spécialistes de la traduction au chômage? Doit-on initier les futurs traducteurs aux outils numériques dès leurs premières années de formation? Ces questions au cœur du colloque La formation en traduction à l'ère du numérique, tenu dans le cadre du 89e Congrès de l'Acfas, sont cruciales. Car des technologies comme la traduction automatique neuronale (TAN) font maintenant partie intégrante du marché et ne disparaîtront pas de sitôt. It emerges from this quotation that neural machine translation is here to stay and there is a need to train students in the area of translation technologies from the very first years. Other papers presented at the colloquium include: − « Former les futur(e)s traducteurs/trices à la traduction automatique: pourquoi, quand et comment ? » by Rudy Look of Université de Lille, France. In this paper, Look discusses several issues including the introduction of Machine Translation and Neural Machine Translation in translators training curricula, the use of translation technologies by students when they do their homework and assignments, and the development of future translation professionals' MT literacy. Opportunities and Challenges Facing the Profession of Translator in Africa Volume XXIII Issue VIII Version I 106 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 G © 2023 Global Journals