Global Journal of Human Social Science, G: Linguistics and Education, Volume 23 Issue 8

25. Herschbach, D. (2011). The STEM initiative: Constraints and challenges. Journal of STEM Teacher Education 48 (1), 96-122. https://eric.ed. gov/?id=EJ952045 26. Hsu, Y & Fang, S. (2019). Opportunities and Challenges of STEM Education. In Hsu, Y. & Yeh, Yi (Eds.), Asia-Pacific STEM Teaching Practices (pp. 1-16). Springer. 27. Jang, H. (2015). Identifying 21st Century STEM Competencies Using Workplace Data. Journal of Science Education and Technology , 25 (2), 284–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-015-9593-1 28. Johnson, C. C. (2006). Effective professional development and change in practice: barriers teachers encounter and implications for reform. School Science and Mathematics, 106 (3), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2006.tb18172.x. 29. Kim, N. J., Belland, B. R., Lefler, M., Andreasen, L., Walker, A., & Axelrod, D. (2020). Computer-based scaffolding targeting individual versus groups in problem-centered instruction for STEM education: Meta-analysis. Educational psychology review , 32 (2), 415-461. 30. Lesseig, K., Nelson, T. H., Slavit, D., & Seidel, R. A. (2016). Supporting middle school teachers’ implementation of STEM design challenges. School Science and Mathematics , 116 (4), 177-188. https:// doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12172 31. Lehman, J., Kim, W., & Harris, C. (2014). Collaborations in a community of practice working to integrate engineering design in elementary science education. Journal of STEM Education , 15 (3). 32. Margot, K. C., & Kettler, T. (2019). Teachers’ perception of STEM integration and education: a systematic literature review. In International Journal of STEM Education, 6(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40 594-018-0151-2 33. Moore, T. J., Glancy, A. W., Tank, K. M., Kersten, J. A., Smith, K. A., & Stohlmann, M. S. (2014). A framework for quality K-12 engineering education: Research and development. Journal of pre-college engineering education research (J-PEER) , 4 (1), 2. https://doi.org/10.7771/2157-9288.1069 34. Nadelson, L. S., Callahan, J., Pyke, P., Hay, A., Dance, M., & Pfiester, J. (2013). Teacher STEM perception and preparation: Inquiry-based STEM professional development for elementary teachers. The Journal of Educational Research , 106 (2), 157-168. 35. Park, S., & Oliver, J. S. (2008). Revisiting the conceptualisation of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK): PCK as a conceptual tool to understand teachers as professionals. Research in science Education , 38 (3), 261-284. https://doi:1 0. 1007/s11165-007-9049-6 36. Park, H., Byun, S. Y., Sim, J., Han, H. S., & Baek, Y. S. (2016). Teachers’ perceptions and practices of STEAM education in South Korea. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education , 12 (7), 1739-1753. 37. Park, M. H., Dimitrov, D. M., Patterson, L. G., & Park, D. Y. (2017). Early childhood teachers’ beliefs about readiness for teaching science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Journal of Early Childhood Research , 15 (3), 275-291. 38. Pearson, G. (2017). National academies piece on integrated STEM. The Journal of Educational Research 110 (3), 224-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00220671.2017.1289781 39. Potvin, P., & Hasni, A. (2014). Analysis of the decline in the interest towards school science and technology from grade 5 through 11. Journal of Science Education and Technology , 784-802. 40. Ritz, J. M., & Fan, S. C. (2015). STEM and technology education: International state-of-the-art. International Journal of Technology and Design Education , 25 (4), 429-451. 41. Rose, M. A., Geesa, R. L., & Stith, K. (2019). STEM Leader Excellence: A Modified Delphi Study of Critical Skills, Competencies, and Qualities. Journal of Technology Education , 31 (1), 42-62. 42. Ryu, M. Mentzer, N. & Knobloch, N. (2019). Preservice teachers’ experiences of STEM integration: Challenges and implications for integrated STEM teacher preparation. International Journal of Technology and Design Education 29 (3), 493-512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-018-9440- 9 43. Shahali, E. H. M., Ismail, I., & Halim, L. (2017). STEM education in Malaysia: Policy, trajectories and initiatives. Asian Research Policy , 8 (2), 122-133. 44. Sharma, J., & Yarlagadda, P. (2018). Perspectives of ‘STEM education and policies’ for the development of a skilled workforce in Australia and India. International Journal Of Science Education , 40 (16), 1999-2022. doi: 10.1080/09500693.2018.15 17239 45. Siddiqa, N., & Braga, A. (2019). Barriers to STEM education for rural girls: A missing link to innovation for a better Bangladesh. Echidna Global Scholars Program, Policy Paper. Center for Universal Education at The Brookings. 46. Siew, N. M., Amir, N., & Chong, C. L. (2015). The perceptions of pre-service and in-service teachers regarding a project-based STEM approach to teaching science. Springer Plus , 4 (1), 1-20. 47. Smith, J. L., Handley, I. M., Zale, A. V., Rushing, S., & Potvin, M. A. (2015). Now hiring! Empirically testing a three-step intervention to increase faculty gender diversity in STEM. BioScience, 65(11), 1084- 1087. Volume XXIII Issue VIII Version I 48 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2023 G © 2023 Global Journals Integrating STEM Approach at Primary Education in Bangladesh: Perception and Challenges of the Teachers