Global Journal of Human Social Science, H: Interdisciplinary, Volume 22 Issue 7

Migration and Women Empowerment in India: An Overview of Pattern of Female Migration, its Causes and Consequences Prem Kumar I. I ntroduction larmingly high gender gap between males and females in labour force participation rate is one of the main serious concerns in India’s socio- economic development process. Causes and consequences of low female labour force participation rate have been analysed by researchers. Migration pattern influences labour force participation rate. Employment is one of the main reasons of migration. But, its dominance over other reasons of migration may vary among males and females. Further, freedom of mobility plays crucial role in socio-economic empowerment. Hence, understanding of females’ migration pattern may provide a pivotal perspective to look into female labour force participation rate and socio-economic empowerment of females. Government of India conducts census after every ten years. Census could not be conducted in 2021 due to the covid pandemic. 2011 Census data on migration is the last census data available at this time. However, National Statistical Office’s survey on ‘Migration in India’, conducted during July 2020 – June 2021, as part of Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) provides recent data on migration. 66.54% of total migrants were females in India as per the 2011 Census. This figure includes all types of migration, i.e., inter and intra state, rural-rural, rural to urban, urban to urban and urban to rural migration. The share of female migrants is higher in rural India than all-India’s figure. In rural India, 79.10% of total rural migrants were females while 53.61% of rural migrants in urban India were females. These figures clearly indicate that share of female migrants to total migrants is more than that of male migrants. But, females’ migration is more in rural areas than that in urban areas. Causes and consequences of female migration need to be understood to assess socio-economic processes which affect women empowerment. II. M ethodology The main data source is National Statistical Office report on ‘Migration in India (July 2020 – June 2021) which was conducted as part of the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS). 2011 Census data has also been used. Comparative analysis of male and female migration pattern has been done to understand gender gap in labour force participation rate and socio- economic processes which cause gender gap. The main objective of the study is to get an overview of causes and consequences of female migration and assess its linkage to women empowerment and female labour force participation rate. III. F emales M igration in R ural and U rban A reas, and G ender G ap In all states of India, share of female migrants to total migrants who migrated from rural to rural areas is higher than share of female migrants who migrated from rural to urban areas. The gap is very high except north eastern states and Kerala. The high share of female migrants to total migrants gives an impression that more women migrate as compared to males. But, share of female migrants declines in the case of rural to urban migration. In two north Indian states, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, share of male migrants to total migrants from rural to urban areas exceeds that of females. These two states are economically backwards and lack behind many states in social indicators. Clearly, development plays crucial role in female migration patterns. Generally, it is argued that rural to urban migration is a sign of socio-economic upward mobility, but rural to rural migration is just a displacement. A © 2022 Global Journals Volume XXII Issue VII Version I 1 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2022 H Author: e-mail: premkrec@gmail.com Abstract- Trend and pattern of migration reveal socio- economic condition of the population. In India, pattern and level of internal migration among males and females are quite different. The reasons of migration among females are entirely different from those of males. Gender gap in employment and empowerment is manifested by the strikingly different pattern of migration among female and male population.