Global Journal of Human Social Science, H: Interdisciplinary, Volume 22 Issue 7

Table 2: Share of Female Migrant to Total Migrants from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh to Delhi Last residence Last area Percentage of female migrant to total migrants Bihar Total 41.48 Bihar Rural 40.82 Bihar Urban 44.56 Uttar Pradesh Total 49.21 Uttar Pradesh Rural 47.34 Uttar Pradesh Urban 53.95 Source: Calculated from data provided by Census of India, 2011 IV. F emale M igration P attern and S ocio- E conomic E mpowerment Reasons of migration play crucial role in socio- economic development of migrants. Consequences of migration due to social institutions or processes are different from that of migration for employment and educational purposes. Marriage is the main reason of migration among female migrants. As per National Statistical Office’s report on ‘Migration in India, July 2020 – June 2021’, 86.8% of female migrants migrated due to marriage reason. Merely, 1.7% of female migrants migrated due to employment and related issues. Employment is the main reason of male migration. 49.6% of male migrants migrated due to employment related issues. Out of this, 6.7% of male migrants migrated due to loss of employment opportunities. In rural areas, percentage of female migrants due to employment related issues is lower than that in urban areas. In rural areas, 0.8% of female migrants migrated due to employment related issues. The corresponding figure is 3.6% in urban areas. In both rural and urban areas, migration rate among female is higher than male. But, the gap is more in the rural areas. In rural areas, migration rate among females was 48 % in 2020-21 while it’s merely 5.9 % among males. In urban areas, migration rate among females and males are 47.8% and 22.5% respectively. In both rural and urban areas, Inter-state migration among females is low as compared to males. In rural areas, the gap is of 29.7 per cent points while it’s 15 per cent points in urban areas. In terms of types of rural-urban migration, the share of rural to rural migration is highest among females (63.3%) while the share of rural to urban migration is highest among males (33.5%). Clearly, female migration pattern is dominated by rural to rural and intra state migration. V. C onclusion If current female migration pattern continues to remain in future, it would be almost impossible to empower Indian females economically as female migration is driven mainly by social reason (marriage) while male migration is driven mainly by employment related reasons. Hence, possibility of empowerment due to migration is lower among females than males as rural to rural and short distance migration patterns are more prevalent among females. Government policies for female empowerment must adopt measures to facilitate female mobility for educational and employment opportunities. R eferences R éférences R eferencias 1. Census of India, 2011. Migration Tables, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2. Migration in India (July 2020 – June 2021), Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. © 2022 Global Journals Volume XXII Issue VII Version I 3 ( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science - Year 2022 H Migration and Women Empowerment in India: An Overview of Pattern of Female Migration, its Causes and Consequences