Global Journal of Management and Business Research, A: Administration and Management, Volume 22 Issue 7

ranking of countries according to the perceived role of school in helping students understand the role of entrepreneurs is quite different from the ranking based on the share of adults having a favourable image of entrepreneurs (Shleifer, 2013). Surveys on the characteristics of entrepreneurs, such as which describes the backgrounds of 549 entrepreneurs in the US, give some idea of the most important perceptions and attitudes. In this survey, entrepreneurs tended to be middle-aged and well- educated, but nonetheless 52% had some interest in becoming an entrepreneur when they were in college, and of the 24.5% who indicated that they were extremely interested at that time, almost half went on to start more than two companies. This shows the importance of education in forming perceptions of entrepreneurship. Three quarters of entrepreneurs indicated that building wealth was an important motivation, so attitudes on this topic have some impact. Finally, more than third of respondents stated that the role played by an entrepreneurial friend or family member was important, again showing that more general attitudes will affect individuals in establishing new enterprises (Engle,2010). d) Perceived Behavioural Control Conceptual and methodological ambiguities surrounding the concept of perceived behavioural control are clarified. It is shown that perceived control over performance of behaviour, though comprised of separable components that reflect beliefs about self ‐ efficacy and about controllability, can nevertheless be considered a unitary latent variable in a hierarchical factor model. It is further argued that there is no necessary correspondence between self ‐ efficacy and internal control factors, or between controllability and external control factors. Self ‐ efficacy and controllability can reflect internal as well as external factors and the extent to which they reflect one or the other is an empirical question. Finally, a case is made that measures of perceived behavioural control need to incorporate self ‐ efficacy as well as controllability items that are carefully selected to ensure high internal consistency (Armitage & Conner, M2010). Perceived control over performance of behaviour can account for consider ‐ able variance in intentions and actions. However, ambiguities surrounding the concept of perceived behavioural control have tended to create uncertainties and to impede progress. The present article attempted to clarify conceptual ambiguities and resolve issues related to the operation of perceived behavioural control. Recent research has demonstrated that the overarching concept of perceived behavioural control, as commonly assessed, is comprised of two components, self ‐ efficacy and controllability. Contrary to a widely accepted view, it was argued that self ‐ efficacy expectations do not necessarily correspond to beliefs about internal control factors, and that controllability expectations have no necessary basis in the perceived operation of external factors. Instead, it was suggested that self ‐ efficacy and controllability may both reflect beliefs about the presence of internal as well as external factors. Rather than making a priori assumptions about the internal or external locus of self ‐ efficacy and controllability, this issue is best treated as an empirical question (Elfving, 2009). Also of theoretical significance, the present article tried to dispel the notion that self ‐ efficacy and controllability are incompatible with, or independent of, each other. Although factor analyses of perceived behavioural control items provide clear and consistent evidence for the distinction, there is sufficient commonality between self ‐ efficacy and controllability to suggest a two ‐ level hierarchical model. In this model, perceived behavioural control is the overarching, ordinate construct that is comprised of two lower ‐ level components, the self ‐ efficacy and controllability. This view of the control component in the theory of planned behaviour implies that measures of perceived behavioural control should contain items that assess self ‐ efficacy as well as controllability. Depending on the purpose of the investigation, a decision can be made to aggregate over all items, treating perceived behavioural control as a unitary factor, or to distinguish between self ‐ efficacy and controllability by entering separate indices into the prediction equation. (Shaver, 2011) e) Subjective Norms Subjective norms are he perceived social pressure to engage or not to engage in behaviour. Drawing an analogy to the expectancy value model of attitude, it is assumed that subjective norm is determined by total set of accessible normative beliefs concerning the expectations of important referents. Specifically, the strength of each normative is weighted by the person’s motivation to comply with the referent question, and the products are aggregated, as shown in the following equation. The relative importance of the different motivational antecedent attitudes toward the behaviour, the subjective norm and perceived behavioural control in predicting intention varies. Depending on the type of behaviour and the nature of the situation, one or two intentional antecedents might dominate over the other when predicting the intention. Although the TPB can be applied to entrepreneurial behaviour there are conflicting outcomes between the relative contribution of the attitudes, the subjective norms and the perceived behavioural control. Generally, three critical issues have been held responsible for the conflicting outcomes in research on entrepreneurial intention. The first of them may be linked to measurement issues with respect to the subjective norm, for which contradictions have been especially striking (Liñán & Santos, 2010). Entrepreneurial Intention of Business Students in Davao Del Sur State College 24 Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XXII Issue VII Version I Year 2022 ( ) A © 2022 Global Journals