Global Journal of Management and Business Research, A: Administration and Management, Volume 22 Issue 9

defend these values, for the good of men and women and for the good of society itself. While sexual orientations may not be chosen, in many cases, what behaviors people exhibit in response to their orientations are chosen, and such behaviors can be evaluated morally. A person who by nature, rather than by choice, is more attracted to members of the same sex than the opposite sex, still has the choice to recognize and act in accordance with this fact or to repress or act against it. 36 If a person wishes to achieve happiness and promote his or her life, then he or she must, in a realm as morally important as sex, act in accordance with his or her nature. While many conservatives believe that homosexuality should be outlawed and many liberals believe that homosexuals should be given special rights, objectivism holds that as long as no force is involved, people have the right to do as they please in sexual matters, 37 whether or not their behavior is considered by others to be or is in fact moral. And since individual rights are grounded in the nature of human beings as human beings, homosexuals do not deserve any more or less rights than heterosexuals. 38 II. H omosexuality: P ossible C auses There is a common belief among liberals that people are born either gay or straight. Conservatives tend to believe that sexual orientation is actually sexual preference, which is chosen by the individual. 39 Until a few years ago, ‘sexual orientation’ was previously called ‘sexual preference.’ Most scientists today agree that sexual orientation (including homosexuality and bisexuality) is the result of a combination of environmental, emotional, hormonal, and biological factors. In other words, there are many factors that contribute to a person's sexual orientation. 40 There is no consensus among scientists about the exact reasons that an individual develops a heterosexual, bisexual, gay or lesbian orientation. Although much research has examined the possible genetic, hormonal, developmental, social and cultural influences on sexual orientation, no findings have emerged that permit scientists to conclude that homosexual orientation is determined by any particular factor or set of factors. 41 a) Genetics and Homosexuality This notion stem from the belief that the public will become more accepting of homosexuality if they are convinced that it is inborn and immutable. However, a genetic 42 basis to homosexual desire does not prevent homosexuals from choosing not to participate in homosexual activities. Furthermore, when asked if homosexuality was rooted solely in biology, gay gene researcher, Dean Hamer, asserts: "Absolutely not. From twin studies, we already know that half or more of the variability in sexual orientation is not inherited. Our studies try to pinpoint the genetic factors, but not negate the psychosocial factors." 43 Research into the issue of the origins of homosexuality suggests that adoptive brothers are more likely to both be homosexuals than the biological brothers, who share half their genes which suggest that homosexuality is not genetically caused. This suggests that there is no genetic component, but rather an environmental component shared in families 44 If homosexuality were significantly influenced by genes, it would appear in every culture, but in twenty- nine of seventy-nine cultures surveyed by Ford and Beach in 1952, homosexuality was rare or absent. It was very rare in the Siriono, even though there were no prohibitions on homosexual relationships in that culture. The researcher observed only one man displaying slight homosexual traits but apparently not sexually involved with another man. Homosexuality appears to be rare among Orthodox Jews, so much so that learned rabbis, the interpreters of Jewish law, usually allowed men to sleep in the same bed, because likelihood of sexual contact was considered negligible. Kinsey also found very low homosexual incidence among Orthodox Jews...This evidence comes from missionaries who commonly spend 25 years of their lives living in one culture, far more than almost any anthropologist....Overall they can be considered as reliable witnesses. For example, in contrast to groups like the Sambia in the New Guinea highlands, where homosexuality was compulsory, only about 2-3 percent of Western Dani (also in the New Guinea highlands) practiced it. However, in another group of Dani who Similarly, Dr. Neil Whitehead a research scientist and biochemist from New Zealand and is his wife Briar Whitehead in their book entitled: My Genes Made Me Do It: A Scientific Look at Sexual Orientation, argues that there is no genetic determinism with regard to homosexuality: 73 Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XXII Issue IX Version I Year 2022 ( ) A © 2022 Global Journals The Ethical Emotivism of A. J. Ayer and C. L. Stevenson: A Tendentious Explanatory Matrix for Human Homosexual Behaviour 36 James McTavish (2014) “Chastity and Homosexuality,” The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 14 (4):637-639. 37 John J. Anderson (2013) “The Rhetoric of Homosexual Practice,” Journal of Religious Ethics 41 (4):601-602. 38 Stephen J. Pope (1997) “Scientific and Natural Law Analyses of Homosexuality: A Methodological Study,” Journal of Religious Ethics 25 (1):89-91. 39 Noretta Koertge (ed.) (1981) The Nature and Causes of Homosexuality: A Philosophic and Scientific Inquiry (New York: Haworth Press), p. 86. 40 John Perry (2012) “Vocation and Creation: Beyond the Gentile ‐ Homosexual Analogy,” Journal of Religious Ethics 40 (2): 388- 390. 41 Yi Jiang, Patricia Costello, Fang Fang, Miner Huang & Sheng He (2006) “A Gender- and Sexual Orientation-Dependent Spatial Attentional Effect of Invisible Images,” Pnas 103 (45):17048 -17050 42 MacCulloch M. Irving (1980) “Biological Aspects of Homosexuality,” Journal of Medical Ethics 6 (3):133-135. 43 Dean H. Hamer, Stella Hu, Victoria L. Magnuson, Nan Hu, and Angela M. L. Pattatucci (1993) “A Linkage between DNA Markers on the X Chromosome and Male Sexual Orientation,” American Association for the Advancement of Science , 261(5119), 321–324. 44 Timothy Hsiao (2021) “If Homosexuality Is Wrong, So Is Contraception,” Philosophia Christi 23 (2):341-342.