Global Journal of Management and Business Research, A: Administration and Management, Volume 22 Issue 9

research team of five led by Dean Hamer at the National Cancer Institute released a study that attempted to link homosexuality with a specific region of the X chromosome. Dean Hamer made the statement “…environmental factors play a role. There is not a single master gene that makes people gay. ” 54 He went on to say, “I don’t think we will ever be able to predict who will be gay.” A well-known brain study of 1991 by Simon Levay tried to find the differences in the hypothalamuses (a very small portion of the brain) of both homosexual and heterosexual men. Levay, who was one of the researchers and himself a gay activist, offered criticism of his own work: “It’s important to stress what I didn’t find. I did not prove that homosexuality is genetic, or find a genetic cause for being gay. I didn’t show that gay men are born that way, the most common mistake people make in interpreting my work. Nor did I locate a gay center of the brain.” Clinical professor of psychiatry at the Albert Einstein School of Medicine and past president of the National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality, Dr. Charles Socarides, argues that since psychologists and ministers have treated homosexuality with success, the genetic cause theory must be suspect. 55 b) Environment, Nurture and Homosexuality Environments and nature have been over the years seen by many as the causes of homosexual orientation. In his 1980 work Overcoming Homo sexuality, Robert Kronemeyer writes: "With rare exceptions, homosexuality is neither inherited nor the result of some glandular disturbance or the scrambling of genes or chromosomes. Homosexuals are made, not born 'that way.' I firmly believe that homosexuality is a learned response to early painful experiences and that it can be unlearned. For those homosexuals who are unhappy with their life and find effective therapy, it is 'curable.” 56 Similarly, in a 1989 USA Today article, a San Francisco State University professor of psychology, John DeCecco and the former editor of the 25-volume, Journal of Homosexuality , stated, "The idea that people are born into one type of sexual behavior is entirely foolish." Homosexuality is "a behavior, not a condition," and something that some people can and do change, just like they sometimes change other tastes and personality traits." 57 c) Psychosocial factors and Homosexuality Psychosocial factors have long been neglected, as causative or determinant regarding homosexual behaviours, but a number of recent studies point to their manifest importance. In particular, childhood and adolescent experiences seem to be determinative of future orientation. 58 Particularly significant are the high proportion of homosexuals who report a distant father- son relation and a feeling of being 'exotic' and separate from their same-sex peers. In addition, as some have suggested, psychosocial factors may turn out to be at the root of the difference between gay and lesbian orientations. 59 In our society, gender non-conforming boys are far more often singled out from the crowd than girls. This singling-out may have the effect of reinforcing their feelings of difference and thus entrenching their orientation. For girls there is not the same degree of singling-out, so orientation is likely to be much more fluid and even superficial. 60 However, science is yet to reach a consensus about the exact reasons that an individual develops a heterosexual, bisexual, gay or lesbian orientation. From various researches conducted in the field of science, many have come to the conclusion that genetic, hormonal, developmental, social and cultural influences on sexual orientation, no findings have emerged that permit scientists to conclude that homosexual orientation is determined by any particular factor or factors . 61 III. A rguments in F avour of H omosexuality a) Homosexuals are born Gay When advocates of pro-gay theology and philosophy assert that people are born gay, they actually go beyond the generally accepted view that genetics and environmental factors influence a person's behaviour. They suggest that homosexuality is largely caused by a person's genes . 62 This belief which is itself based on the deterministic philosophy of behaviourism, is designed to suggest that what is inborn is (a) natural or normal, (b) unchangeable, (c) allowed or created by God, as with a congenital defect or one's eye colour, and that it is (d) morally legitimate. The logic and implications of this view are as follows: If a person is homosexual because of an inbred homosexual 75 Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XXII Issue IX Version I Year 2022 ( ) A © 2022 Global Journals The Ethical Emotivism of A. J. Ayer and C. L. Stevenson: A Tendentious Explanatory Matrix for Human Homosexual Behaviour 54 Peter Copeland and Dean Hamer, The Science of Desire , (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), p. 76 55 Matt T. Reed (2001) “Historicizing Inversion: Or, How to Make a Homosexual,” History of the Human Sciences 14 (4):21-23. 56 Robert Kronemeyer, Overcoming Homosexuality, (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1980), pp. 7-9. 57 John DeCecco, (1985) “Origins of Sexuality and Homosexuality,” Journal of Homosexuality , Volume 50. No. 1: 56-57 58 Richard Burton, (2006) Causes of Homoxesuality: What Science Tells us, (Cambridge: Jubilee Centre) p. 21 59 Jennifer Terry & Michael R. Dietrich (2000) “Book Reviews-an American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society,” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 22 (3):446-448. 60 William R. Rice, Urban Friberg & Sergey Gavrilets (2013) “Homosexuality via Canalized Sexual Development: A Testing Protocol for a New Epigenetic Model,” Bioessays 35 (9):764-766. 61 Peter de Marneffe (2013) “Sexual Freedom and Impersonal Value,” Criminal Law and Philosophy 7 (3):495-497. 62 Sonja J. Ellis (2002) “Moral Reasoning and Homosexuality: The Acceptability of Arguments about Lesbian and Gay Issues,” Journal of Moral Education 31 (4):455-457.