Global Journal of Management and Business Research, A: Administration and Management, Volume 23 Issue 7

Towards the Emergence and Valorization of Necessity Entrepreneurship: The Case of Women in the Republic of Congo 5 Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XXIII Issue VII Version I Year 2023 ( ) A © 2023 Global Journals Figure 1: In 2021–22, 18 Economies Enacted Reforms Across all Women, Business and the Law Indicators Count of Reforms Since October 2021, by Economy, Indicator, and Region However, concerns persist regarding pay, with a score of 25, which measures laws affecting occupational segregation and the gender pay gap. Parenthood, with a score of 20, affects women's work during and after pregnancy. Congo's performance in pensions (100) and entrepreneurship (75) has stagnated for the past two years. The stagnation in the entrepreneurship score can be attributed, among other factors, to obstacles related to limited access to financial resources, lack of tailored training and skill development programs for women. The lack of technical skills in business management and networking opportunities can hinder their growth and development. IX. C onclusion In conclusion, this article has revisited the concept of entrepreneurship by highlighting two distinct and complementary forms: opportunity entrepreneur- ship and necessity entrepreneurship. While opportunity entrepreneurship is based on deliberate will and free initiative, necessity entrepreneurship emerges from economic constraints and survival, where the entre- preneur is compelled by an injunction or vital obligation. It is important to emphasize that these two forms of entrepreneurship are not exclusive but rather inter-dependent and can be considered as two ends of a continuum. An important contribution of this article lies in the relationship between entrepreneurship and risk- taking. While entrepreneurship is generally associated with valorized risk-taking for its audacity and creativity, it is interesting to note that necessity entrepreneurship actually represents the lowest risk. Doing nothing in the face of a lack of means of subsistence represents the greatest risk, with the certainty of imminent dis- appearance. Thus, necessity entrepreneurship is motivated by the concern to reduce the risk of sinking and disappearing, while opportunity entrepreneurship is based on the perspective of a secured present and allows for risk-taking motivated by speculation about a promising future. Therefore, these two forms of entrepreneurship differ in terms of the notion of risk, temporal perspective, and degree of urgency that characterize them. The necessity entrepreneur is constrained by adversity and acute urgency that mobilize them to ward off fatal risk, thereby preventing them from projecting into the future. On the other hand, the opportunity entrepreneur, assured of their present existence, can project onto a longer time horizon and take risks to achieve imagined and promising goals. In summary, this article underscores that these different forms of entrepreneurship have distinct motivations, temporal perspectives, and levels of urgency, and it is essential to recognize and understand