Global Journal of Management and Business Research, A: Administration and Management, Volume 23 Issue 9

11 Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XXIII Issue IX Version I Year 2023 ( ) A © 2023 Global Journals c) Emotional Intelligence In his classic research about Emotional Intelligence (EQ), Daniel Goleman (2005) defined it as the capacity to integrate self-knowledge and self-control with an understanding of the needs of others and the ability to craft the best possible response to help others to achieve their best possible outcome. EQ consists of five related qualities. Self-Awareness Self-awareness is a thorough knowledge of oneself and one’s predictable responses – both emotionally and cognitively – in dealing with situations (Carver, 2012). Covey (2005) explained that for every person there is a space between stimulus and response in which everyone can assess how (s)he will choose to act. Understanding oneself includes the ability to gauge how one is going to respond to a stimulus and to recognize how those tendencies will play out as specific actions (Morin, 2011). Self-Control The power of self-mastery in controlling one’s responses enables a person to resist the emotional hijacking that can often occur and is a higher-level example of self-discipline that demands maturity, a commitment to values, and life experience (Dhiman & Dhiman, 2017). The capacity to control oneself is fraught with moral implications and reflects the ability to understand the implications of one’s actions from a rational perspective – even when one is under the pressure of the moment (Baxley, 2014). Empathy Recognizing and understanding others’ situations and being able to feel what they feel are the essence of empathy and empathy has been described as the most important relationship-building skill (King, 2023). Empathy rises above sympathy and is best manifested as compassion -- the added quality of using that understanding of others’ situation to then craft the response that best serves that party’s needs (Singer & Klimecki, 2014). Motivation Motivation in EQ is the desire to make a meaningful difference in actually bettering another party’s situation, coupled with the willingness to take the required actions and then assist that party. Motivation puts the recognition of another’s situation into action (Deckers, 2022). Motivation may be rooted in a broad range of complex personal intentions, but regardless of the underlying reason, the demonstrated positive outcome of EQ is dependent upon whether a person takes the appropriate action to help another party (Goleman, 2005). Interpersonal Skills There is a broad range of appropriate interpersonal skills that can be called upon to assist another party (Engleberg & Sjoberg, 2005). A person with high EQ recognizes that her/his ability to assist another party may require a broad range of capabilities and selects the most effective response from that array of possible choices. Interpersonal skills in EQ are ultimately situational and require the person possessing those skills to not only know when and how to take action but to translate that knowledge into behaviors that best serve others (Hughes & Terrell, 2011). Each of these five elements is essential in the process of helping others and each of the five elements contributes to an individual’s EQ and their ability to serve others. d) Spiritual Intelligence Spiritual Intelligence (SQ) was defined by Stephen R. Covey (2005) as the guiding factor that directs each of the three other intelligences in each person’s quest to become a better and more effective leader. It adopts the wisdom attributed to Pierre Teilhard de Chardin that “We are not human beings having a spiritual experience. We are spiritual beings having a human experience.” Danah Zohar (1997), an American-British author and scholar identified twelve principles that incorporate the foundations of spiritual intelligence and enable leaders to not only be more effective but enable them to inspire others and create organizations that enrich others. A summary of Zohar’s twelve principles of SQ is provided here. Self-awareness – Being clear about one’s beliefs and values. Spontaneity – Living in the moment and appreciating its opportunities. Values- and Vision-Led – Acting from principles and living accordingly. Holism – Seeing one’s place in larger patterns and being connected. Compassion – Having the quality of “feeling with” others. Celebration of Diversity – Valuing others for their differences. Independence – Standing against the crowd when necessary. Humility – Understanding one’s true place in the world. Curiosity – Needing to understand things and asking “Why?” Context – Ability to see the bigger picture and keep perspective. Spiritual Intelligence and its Practical Importance – Insights from Oman