Global Journal of Management and Business Research, A: Administration and Management, Volume 23 Issue 9

13 Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XXIII Issue IX Version I Year 2023 ( ) A © 2023 Global Journals Consistent with this review of the Muslim role of PQ, we offer our first two propositions. P 1 : Muslims view Physical Intelligence primarily in maintaining proper physical health in the same way as individuals of other faiths. P 2 : The Muslim perspective of Physical Intelligence is more influenced by beliefs about personal virtuousness, modesty, and chaste behavior than individuals of other faiths. b) Muslims and IQ Education in Islam emphasizes both acquiring intellectual knowledge through the application of reason and logic and developing spiritual knowledge from personal spiritual experience and divine revelation (Majdi & Kommarudin, 2022).In Arabic three terms are used for education. The term ta'l ī m , from the root ' alima , which means knowing, perceiving, learning, and being aware; Tarbiyah from the root of raba , refers to spiritual and moral growth aligned with the will of Allah; the third term is Ta'd ī b from the root aduba which refers to being cultured and appropriate in social behavior (Halstead, 2004). Muslim philosophers have long valued the quest for knowledge as a divine command and part of the obligation of Muslims to pursue intellectual knowledge and metaphysical truth (N’Daw, 2014). At the heart of the Muslim perspective has been the work delineated by Aristotle and Plato in the journey to obtain ultimate truth (Ivy, 2012). The enlightened Muslim perspective of education has begun to provide women with the opportunity to obtain formal education – an opportunity that was not fully available for many Muslim women for centuries and that continues to be a restriction in many rural Muslim communities today (Abukari, 2014). IQ and enhancing knowledge for Muslims encompasses far more than simply the acquiring of secular wisdom and experience – although Islam fully endorses its followers’ responsibility to live productively and wisely in the world. For Muslims, their secular knowledge integrates with their spiritual life perspective in the pursuit of learning. Consistent with Islam’s commitment to integrating religious knowledge with other types of intellectual knowledge, we offer two more propositions. P 3 : Muslims view Mental Intelligence with a greater emphasis on religious beliefs and the integration of secular and spiritual truths more than individuals of other faiths. P 4: The Muslim perspective of Mental Intelligence provides fewer opportunities for the education of women in secular areas of knowledge than other faiths. c) Muslims and Emotional Intelligence Consistent with Islam’s emphasis on the spiritual elements of life, Muslim skill sets associated with EQ were found by one study to be aligned with transcendental awareness, an emphasis on under- standing the meaning of life, the acquisition of patience, and the importance of forgiveness in relationships (Anwar, Gani & Rahman, 2020). In writing about Islam and the importance of emotional balance, El-Nadi (2023) observed that Islam advocated a low-key expression of emotions of all types in the quest for personal balance and inner peace. In writing about the historical and religious applications of EQ, Smith (2019) cited the importance of understanding context and history in responding to situations and acting in ways that treated all individuals with respect and great personal regard as key EQ components. The relationship between the Arabic concepts of taqwa , or God consciousness, and syunkr , or gratitude to God, were found to increase the personal awareness of EQ and understanding one’s own emotional responses (Wahab, Masron & Kana, 2022). A study by Kessi and colleagues (2022) found a correlation between EQ, spiritual leadership, and employee performance within a Muslim work context. Integrating the Muslim view of EQ with the secular definition, Islam’s focus is on acquiring personal inner balance and self-understanding. EQ is then intended to be applied to specific contexts in serving others and being a responsible member of society – but always within a spiritual framework as well. Related to this summary of Muslim perspectives about EQ, we suggest two more propositions. P 5 : Muslims view Emotional Intelligence through the lens of their religious beliefs and the integration of secular and spiritual truths more than individuals of other faiths. P 6 : The Muslim perspective of Emotional Intelligence emphasizes emotional moderation related to problem solving more than individuals of other faiths. d) Muslims and Spiritual Intelligence SQ is the driving force in Islam and includes a deep and focused commitment to serving Allah and blessing others on the earth (Winter & Williams, 2002). Islam literally means the personal commitment in which a Muslim submits her or his life to the will of Allah. In explaining SQ, Toto Tasmara (2001) stated that in Islam there are four spiritual domains ofal-ruh (spirit), al-qalb (heart), a l-nafs (soul) and al- aql (sense) – closely paralleling EQ and IQ and impacting PQ. Based upon the writing of the Qu’ran, Islam emphasizes the spiritual pre-disposition of man 1) rooted in the belief in Allah, 2) constantly internalizing faith, 3) engaging in inner reflection to seek self- awareness, 4) committing to a lifestyle of worship, and Spiritual Intelligence and its Practical Importance – Insights from Oman