Global Journal of Management and Business Research, B: Economics and Commerce, Volume 22 Issue 4

ECCDE). It is for children between the ages of 3 and 5 years. The ECCDE is part of basic education, however attendance is not compulsory. • Primary Education This is a six-year educational journey for children ages 6-11+ years. The primary education is a component of basic education and that is compulsory. • Secondary Education This is also a six-year journey consisting of junior secondary school and senior secondary school. Junior secondary school graduates can enroll in vocational enterprises or in technical colleges offering three-year programmes. The senior secondary education that leads to the Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE) is necessary to get admitted into the tertiary education which is the subject matter of this study. The SSCE is the main way of assessing the academic performance of secondary school leavers. The SSCE replaced the General Certificate of Education A-Level Examinations in 1989. However, the GCE can also be taken in every November to help compensate for a relatively poor SSCE. The West African Examination Council and the National Examination Council (NECO) issue the SSC, depending on the examination board used. • Higher Education Higher or tertiary education is provided by at universities, colleges of education and polytechnics. According to the World Bank, higher education is instrumental in fostering growth, reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Higher education benefits not just the individual, but society as well. Three-year programs leading to the award of the National Certificate in Education are offered by Colleges of Education (NCE). Polytechnics award national certificates and diplomas such as the National Diploma which is obtained after two years of study following the senior secondary school. The Higher National Diploma is awarded after a further two years of education. At the level of university education, a bachelor’s degree is obtained after a four-year duration of education (five to six years for some few courses). In the postgraduate level, there are the master’s degree programme (which lasts for one to two years) and the doctoral degree programme (which spans two to three years of study). In this study, the scope is concentrated on the academic performance of students within the tertiary institution. In the next section, more emphasis will be placed on the tertiary institutions and the academic performances of its students. e) Tertiary Institutions and Student’s Academic Performance As stated earlier, tertiary institutions are delivered by universities, colleges of education and polytechnics. There are also monotechnics which offer instruction in a single scientific or technical subject. Tertiary education is the third stage of education following the completion of a secondary school education. Tertiary education is also known as higher education in some countries. Colleges of education are responsible for the training of middle-level manpower in teacher education. Students are trained for three years, on completion of which they are awarded the Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE). As professional teachers, they can teach in primary, Junior Secondary (JS) or Senior Secondary (SS) schools, conditional on their areas of specialization. Polytechnics, monotechnics and Colleges of Technology are mainly to produce middle- level technical manpower at the sub-professional level of two categories: National Diploma (ND) and Higher National Diploma (HND). These institutions are supervised by the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE). Universities are the third tier of higher education in Nigeria. Admissions into first degree courses are through tests conducted by the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) or by direct entry with the Higher School Certificate or its equivalent. The basic admission requirement is Senior School Certificate with a minimum of five credits, including English Language, Mathematics and other subjects relevant to the proposed course of study. First year entry requirements into most tertiary institutions in Nigeria include: Minimum of SSCE/GCE Ordinary Level Credits at maximum of two sittings; Minimum cut-off marks in Joint Admission and Matriculation Board Entrance Examination (JAMB), also known as Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME), of 180 and above out of a maximum of 400 marks are required. Candidates with minimum of Merit Pass in National Certificate of Education (NCE), National Diploma (ND) and other Advanced Level Certificates minimum qualifications with minimum of 5 Ordinary Level Credits are given direct entry admission into the appropriate undergraduate degree programs. The performances of students who sit for these examinations greatly affect their performance in tertiary education since it shows the average abilities of students towards education. Academic performance in tertiary institutions is usually measured or determined by the cumulative grade point average (CGPA). It is cumulative because it incorporates the grade point average of all the attempted courses in the programme undertaken by the student. The CGPA is the calculation of average of all the earned points of a student divided by the total number of points. This grading system calculates for the entire student’s educational career. In Nigerian Universities, the grading system adopted is the CGPA. Thus, CGPA is then used to classify students into various classes of performance such as First class, second class (upper and lower) and third class. The Effects of Students' Housing on Academic Performance at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria 58 Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XXII Issue IV Version I Year 2022 ( ) B © 2022 Global Journals