Global Journal of Management and Business Research, B: Economics and Commerce, Volume 22 Issue 4

f) Housing Concept In examining the concept of housing, it is agreed that man’s basic needs in life is physiological, which include food, clothing and shelter. The importance of shelter in man’s life is second to none but food and clothing. In other words, man seeks protection from the environmental elements only after he has satisfied the need for food and clothing. This assertion was corroborated by Abraham Maslow (1943) in his hierarchy of needs where he identified three fundamental needs crucial to survival, thus food, clothing and shelter. Shelter according to the United Nations (2003) differs marginally from the concept of housing while housing is widely accepted as being more than mere shelter, housing goes far beyond having a roof over one’s head but rather comprises a number of ancillary services and utilities which links the individual and his family to the community and the community to the region in which it grows and progresses. The need for an effective and conducive student housing facility in an institution cannot be over emphasized due to the fact that students are expected to be in a sound state of mind to excel in their academic endeavors which can only physical protection but also a healthy social and behavioral stability, the productivity of a set of students may not be totally unconnected with their housing condition. g) Students Housing in Nigeria Student housing or accommodation is seen as a place where students reside while running their academic programs. This can either be an on-campus or off-campus residence. The institution provides on- campus accommodation within its premises to cater to its students, whereas off-campus accommodation consists mainly of private hostels and other forms of accommodation where students reside in exchange for a specific fee. Ubong (2007) asserted that although students’ accommodation is an integral part of students’ personnel management, on- campus accommodation has not received adequate attention, but rather has been characterized by insufficient maintenance. This scenario is rather disheartening because students need comfortable accommodation in order to easily achieve their primary learning goal. Ajayi et al. (2015) assessed students' satisfaction with hostel facilities within the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, and observed that students were dissatisfied with the adequacy and functionality of some facilities within their hostels. Akinpelu (2015) also evaluated the realities and challenges of students’ hostel facilities in The Polytechnic Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The study noted that as a result of non-provision, obsolescence, and non-maintenance, there is an inadequacy in student housing facilities. These lapses in school hostels, has encouraged the embrace of private off-campus hostels by students. h) Factors influencing students' choice of residence To improve on the accommodation delivery within and outside tertiary institutions, understanding on the factors that can influence the choice of accommodation of students is deemed necessary. Mahama et al. (2016) discovered that security issues of the hostel, availability of water facilities, availability of electricity, calm and peaceful environment and availability of toilet facilities are some of the essential factors that can determine students desire to stay in hostels. Oyetunji and Abidoye (2016) assessed the factors influencing students’ choice of residence in Nigerian tertiary institutions, and observed that proximity to campus, rental value of property, and type of dwelling are the important factors that influences students’ choice. Zortovie (2017) discovered that proximity to lecture halls, spacious and well-ventilated rooms, calm and peaceful environment, availability of study area, accommodation fee, and availability of electricity and water are critical factors that influences students’ choice of residential accommodation. According to Khozaei et al. (2010) the main factor influencing students' choice to stay on campus is their convenience. This is due to the walking distance to the lecture halls, not having to wake up too early for a morning class, and also the comfort of taking a shower between classes or returning to the hostel to get a forgotten item. Howley et al. (2009) also observed that the population within the area wherein the residence is located (either on or off campus) plays a vital role in the selection of residence, as students mostly favor low density areas to high-density ones. So many factors contribute to students’ preference for accommodation. Some students prefer off-campus accommodation to on-campus due to lack of privacy, noise, and sharing of bed space that is associated with the on- campus accommodation. Others are based on the desire to have a cheaper, decent and good housing that is in close proximity to campus with adequate facilities and can offer privacy (Oyetunji and Abidoye, 2016). These identified factors in these studies formed a basis for the determination of the factors influencing the choice of residence of students in this study. i) Student residential satisfaction (SRS) Kotler and Clarke (1987) define satisfaction as a state felt by a person who has experience performance or an outcome that fulfill his or her expectation. Satisfaction is a function of relative level of expectations and perceived performance. The expectation may go as far as before the students even enter the higher education, suggesting that it is important to determine first what the students expect before entering the The Effects of Students' Housing on Academic Performance at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria 59 Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XXII Issue IV Version I Year 2022 ( ) B © 2022 Global Journals