Global Journal of Management and Business Research, F: Real Estate, Event and Tourism Management, Volume 23 Issue 3

production of one or more services characteristic of tourism: travel agencies and similar activities, tour operators, tourist guides, leisure establishments, hotels and similar establishments, properties and secondary residences, restaurants and similar establishments, air, road, rail and water transport, vehicle rental (Cameroon Holidays, 2011). This involvement of a multitude of actors in the tourism sector has led authors such as Knafou and Stock to define this phenomenon more in terms of a systemic approach: "tourism is a system of actors, practices and spaces which contribute to the "recreation" of individuals through temporary displace- ment from everyday places" (Gay et al., 2003). Adopting a systems approach, (Christie & Morrison, 1985) define tourism as a system involving four links: the market, the journey, the destination and marketing. Considering that the fourth component identified by Mill & Morisson is an action variable which facilitates the functioning of the system, (Demers, 1987) considers that the tourism system, taken in its global sense, actually comprises three major components: the market, transport and the product. Similarly, (Gunn, 1988) defines the tourism system in terms of demand and supply (major components). Demand includes the population interested and able to travel, i.e. tourists; and the supply side includes transport, attractions, services, information and promotion. All these elements are highly interrelated, and their dynamics shape the way the system works, which can be influenced by various factors: natural resources, cultural resources, entre- preneurship, finance, etc. Tourism is considered to be a sector of activity with a strong contribution to territorial development. The UNWTO, for example, sees it as an engine for socio- economic growth, helping to reduce poverty and create jobs, which has led to its international status as a development tool that helps to improve local living conditions (Jeddi, 2022). Each spatial configuration works and seeks to improve its attractiveness by developing its tourist assets and economic potential, while at the same time relying on the development and promotion of its assets and potential as factors of attractiveness (Raif & Zouiten, 2021). c) An Understanding of Modernity To understand modernity in a general way, we need to lay the foundations for the term modern, which first appeared in the philosophical sciences. In the nineteenth century, its optimistic nature was chara- cterised by ideas of progress and the emergence of changes in social structures ((Bendix, 2002). For the founding fathers, such as Marx Weber and Durkhein, the term modernity was used to describe the changes underway, contrasting the modern with the traditional. Traditional being the characteristic of poor countries, i.e. those with the lowest index of economic development, in contrast to developed countries, which enjoy a high quality of life. For them, modernity refers to connotations of a new experience of the world determined by a world reconstructed thanks to the active and conscious intervention of actors and a new sense of self. Thus, modernity is characterised more in terms of change in the headings that imply the liberation and increasing autonomy of action associations in almost all areas of society (Berger, 1982). This materialises more in terms of innovations in economic and social organisation, political relations and cultural characteristics that become the symbols of modernity (Habermas, 1985). In fact, modernity in the tourism industry is a sum of changes and even specific innovations in social, political, economic and cultural terms, carried out with the aim of revolutionising the tourism sector. This is implemented more through the use of a new good or service, or a considerable improvement in terms of its characteristics or uses. This includes a substantial improvement in materials, operation and practical specifications, integrated software, user-friendliness and other working characteristics (Martín-Rios & Ciobanu, 2019). Let's not lose sight of the fact that product innovations are likely to involve new technologies or even rely on new uses or combinations of new knowledge. Thus, modernity in the tourism sector implies the introduction of new services and goods which differ considerably in some cases from previous products, or which have undergone significant improvement. In fact, modernity can be observed and even materialised in the tourism sectors by the fact that those in charge are able to develop mechanisms enabling them to adapt to new trends by constantly listening to these potential customers, with the specific aim of capturing and seducing them, in order to satisfy them (Caccomo & Solonandrasana, 2001). III. I nstitutional and P olitical F ramework for T ourism G overnance While the overall growth of the tourism sector is positive, public authorities are increasingly concerned with devising policies to maximise the economic, environmental and social benefits of tourism while reducing the tensions that arise when its growth is neither planned nor managed. Measures to achieve this have become a priority. Indeed, it appears that the development of a tourism strategy can incite authorities, the tourism industry, local communities and other stakeholders to work together to developand other stakeholders to develop a vision and a course of action for the development of tourism. Public-private cooperation is becoming increasingly important in tourism strategies. This section aims to identify tourism Tourism Governance in Cameroon and the Challenges of Modernity : An Overview Global Journal of Management and Business Research ( F ) XXIII Issue III Version I Year 2023 16 © 2023 Global Journals