Global Journal of Management and Business Research, G: Interdisciplinary, Volume 23 Issue 1

supposed to be the complex negotiation of peace between the government and armed FMNLF groups. However, the consequence of inequality and poverty in El Salvador, as well as the cultural and institutional consent of violence, among others, represented a fertile ground for the arrival and proliferation of an atrocious generation of children, adolescents, and young adults (C & As) that were as horribly conflictive as the Mara Salvatruchas (MS 13). Even today, this group’s goal is the destabilization of the communities, not only in that country but in all other countries to which they have spread. An article in INFOBA E 4 One of the factors that influenced the achievement of control in their country, as well as in the rest of the Northern Triangle countries where they , an Argentinian newspaper, describes how this bloodthirsty gang came into existence. During the civil war in El Salvador during the 1980s, there was an important inflow of migrant families from El Salvador into the United States. Once a significant number of Salvadoran youths had settled into the ghettoes of Los Angeles, California, they started being involved with the Mafia and learned to survive through extortion and human trafficking. They called themselves “Maras Salvatruchas” and grew to such an extent as to have feuds with other dangerous gangs. However, once the civil war in El Salvador finished in 1992, the Maras Salvatruchas were deported back to their country from the United States. Due to the weak legal and political situation of the country, as well as to the limited resources and precarious socioeconomic status of children and adolescents in El Salvador, the gang exploited this situation of inequality and social exclusion to expand their resources to drug trafficking, drug dealing, extortion, arms trafficking, and right of way collection. All this happened under blood and fire, without the possibility of putting a stop to it due to the internal conflicts of each country and the tyranny of Eurocentrism. The gang spread to Guatemala and Honduras, creating what is known as the Northern Triangle, formed by those three Latin American countries, known as the most dangerous around the world due to their irrationality and bloodthirstiness. The Maras Salvatruchas spread to various countries, including Argentina, the United States, and Mexico, where they have been linked to the Zeta and Sinaloa cartels. Rodgers and Baird (2016: 20-23-35) with an extensive bibliography on the Maras Salvatruchas, confirm what is mentioned above regarding their origins and formation, as well as their violent and devastating incursion into El Salvador upon their deportation from the United States. 4 Argentinian Digital newspaper, distinguished in 2017 as the best digital enterprise by the KONEX foundation. operate, is a policy of harsh enforcement. The smallest mistake or disloyalty is punished with death; initiation rites are sinister; offensive and defensive retaliation are absolute bloodbaths that cause chaos and fear to any person or group facing such onslaught. This wait-and- see period by government authorities provided many opportunities for the Maras Salvatruchas to grow in all aspects possible, gaining strength by working with and within transnational criminal organizations. These authors re-emphasized the origin of dysfunctional gangs in neglected regions where poverty and social, political, and economic injustice are present. These criminal groups operate in marginalized regions as an alternative or substitute for the lawlessness of institutions. Generally, those institutions sheltered behind their official capacity, contribute to the proliferation of drug empires under the mantle of impunity that powerful and corrupt politicians offer. Thus, gangs become uncontrollable, tyrannical cartels for any region or country. b) Guatemala, a Country in the Northern Triangle As regards Guatemala, where colonial conditioning, discrimination, and betrayal, the banners of the Spanish invaders have remained rooted, Balutet (1999: 17; Carrera: 2015: 1-19) again confirmed the presence of Eurocentrism among the power groups. They have left deep wounds within the communities, along with the difficulties of interaction between citizens and the State. The latter has always received the support of other nations with economic interests, going so far as to promote a long-standing civil war that lasted 36 years (1960 - 1996) between the national army and the population, whose motivation was defending a rightful demand for a deep socioeconomic and inclusive political change. It is important to mention that Guatemala has also been dominated by US intervention and by two guerrilla groups: The Revolutionary Movement 13 th November (MR-13) and The Rebel Armed Forces (FAR). However, Balutet explained, the latter fought for the concentration of personal power, showing absolute indifference to the problems and needs of the mostly native, population. The greatest wickedness occurred when the government army, in its eagerness to eliminate the guerrillas in any way possible, attacked regular inhabitants to impose terror that would lead to greater anger in the face of such unfair treatment, which occurred simultaneously with routine, socio-political, and economic exclusion. Later, due to internal complications of the guerrillas, the MR-13 and FAR disappeared and once their leaders had been annihilated, two new guerrilla groups emerged in the 1970s with various members of the two extinct guerrillas. These were the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP) and the Organization of People in 12 Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume XXIII Issue I Version I Year 2023 ( )G © 2023 Global Journals Mass Migration of Students: Analysis of the Geopolitical and Social Contexts of Origins